[EN] Armchair Admirals - Naval actions in the Dardanelles. With new special guest, Rex's Hangar.

Dardanellen-Kampagne im Fokus: Marinekrieg, geopolitische Bedeutung & Rex's Hangar

WorldofWarships
- 21.03.25 - 02:25:58 - 16.509 - World of Warships

• Zusammenfassung
• Original

Die Sendung analysiert die Dardanellen-Kampagne, beleuchtet geopolitische Hintergründe, die Rolle der Marine und Luftfahrt. Die Beschlagnahmung osmanischer Schiffe, alliierte Strategien, militärische Herausforderungen und technologische Innovationen werden mit Rex's Hangar erörtert. Die Bedeutung für Australien und Neuseeland wird hervorgehoben.

World of Warships

00:00:00

00:00:07 Untertitelung des ZDF für funk, 2017

Einführung in die Dardanellen-Kampagne und geopolitischer Kontext

00:01:27

00:01:27 Hello, everyone, and welcome to this March edition of Armchair Admirals, where we'll be going over the naval and aerial aspects of the Dardanelles campaign in World War I. And while we're joined by our usual trio of miscreants and misdemeanors, we have a new guest this evening, or should I say this morning in his case. We are very glad to be joined by Rex's Hangar, where it's currently about 3 in the morning.

00:01:57 Welcome, Sir. Thank you very much. It's very good to be here. And yes, it is 3 in the morning, but it's okay. I have a large quantity of caffeine upon my desk, so we will be absolutely fine. Wonderful, yes. And Drack joined us at the very last moment because he was currently doing an interview. Yes. We really need better typings for these things. Yeah, well, the whole thing was delayed by me deciding I could do an early afternoon...

00:02:26 Ah, yes. I've got a brilliant idea that no one else has thought of. Everyone else has thought of it. Yes. I'm not happy to no longer live that close to the M25. I live...

00:02:54 Not that far from the A30, and that never causes me the same stress living that further away from the M25 did. I mean, the M25 is the world's largest car park. Yeah, and to be fair, yes, you're near the A30, which serves all six people and the two sheep who live in your area.

00:03:13 I mean, if we're going to talk about MC... Don't cheat both drive tractors! Look, for a better example, I live basically a mile away from the junction between the M18 and the M1, and I never have any problems. And don't give yourself the cow in the Aston Martin. I didn't know that the M18 was a thing, but never mind. But yes, so, if someone were to look up the Gallipoli campaign, you're often presented with this image.

00:03:40 Ich glaube, ist HMS Irresistible? Ja, es ist ein schlechtes Name. Ja, ich glaube, das ist... Die Royal Navy fließt ein Dice mit dem Namen. Was wir callen das ship? Invincible. Was passiert? Es blows up. Ich finde es sehr gut, dass...

00:04:05 Die meisten der Royal Navy haben, die die Decoy haben, und die meisten der Invincible haben nicht. Ja, ich bin trotzdem froh, dass die Warsprite, als es aus dem Namen war, war supposed to be a Sprite, das bringt peace. Und dann haben wir Warspite, die das Name ist, sozusagen als Britain's Industrial Naval God of War.

00:04:34 Yes. So, to get on topic, where is the Dardanelles? So, if you're not familiar with sort of Mediterranean geography, the Dardanelles are a very narrow channel of water that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea and has been probably one of the most important seaways since people figured out how to make a boat float.

00:05:03 This goes all the way back to antiquity. The Persian invasions of Greece come via the Dardanelles. It's narrow enough that you can literally build a bridge of boats in the age of antiquity and walk across it. Every one of the big names we think about from that era of history at some point fought battles in this area. I mean, the list is endless. The Macedonians, the...

00:05:32 The early Romans, the Byzantines, the Ottoman Turks, the Russians. All of the big names have a clash over the Dardanelles at one point or another. The Byzantine Empire, an entire reason for setting up Byzantium, which is on this room, because it's such an economic hub, because it's basically a four-way economic hub between things going through there, so you could make a lot of money from tax-reviews. So controlling it was very good.

00:06:00 And so, by the 20th century, obviously, the Byzantine Empire had fallen to the Ottomans. Byzantium had become Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which had been a major player in European and world politics for hundreds of years. By the early 20th century, however, they've had issues with internal instability, not the best leadership, economic problems, partially caused by one sultan really being a fan of his navy.

00:06:29 ...und spending far too much money on it. Yeah, the Ottoman Navy goes through a massive naval construction program in the late 1860s to the beginning of the 1870s, which basically results in the Ottoman Navy possessing some of the largest and most powerful ironclads in the world, along with them in decent numbers. Unfortunately, while this does get them to being the third largest fleet in the world, it results in the Ottoman government defaulting on its debts to all of its major creditors.

00:06:53 und die Ottoman-Navy auf die Geschichte auf das Bildungsprogramm für über 20 Jahre. Es ist nicht bis in den 1890s, dass sie sich spenden Geld zu versuchen, und reinvigorate ihre Fleece. Ja, und natürlich mit einer Weaker Fleece, sie starten zu schauen, an die Schmerzen zu schauen, an diesem Punkt zu schauen, weil, in dieser Zeit, die Ottomans nicht wirklich in die Mediterranien zu schauen, als ein Wettbewerb.

00:07:22 They're much more looking across the Black Sea against Russia. There's been, what, a dozen Russo-Turkish wars at this point, as Russia gradually moves further and further south into the Crimea, into the Caucasus, because Russia desires a warm-water port in an area that cannot be blocked off. And as well, Russia, Tsarist Russia, seeing itself as a successor to Rome.

00:07:49 ...sees that Constantinople is by right theirs. So it's always a consideration in Russian geopolitics. They want to beat the Ottoman Empire so they can take the Straits and get out of one of the bottlenecks that Russia, navally speaking, is locked in. Yeah, the Ottoman fleet of the 1890s to the beginning of the First World War is fundamentally an anti-Russian force.

00:08:17 Und es tut das in zwei manchen. Es ist zu kämpfen in der Black Sea und engagieren die Russian Black Sea Fleet. Aber es ist auch zu dominieren den Aegean gegen die Greeks. Und es ist also hilariously, hilariously, terribly fundiert und terribly trainiert, zu dem Punkt, dass wenn sie die Greeks endet, despite die Fakt, dass die Ottomans die nur diejenigen ...

00:08:43 in der Konflikt, die eigentlich haben, was credibly bezeichnet, als battleships, weil sie ein paar Brandenburgs auf den Deutschen. Es ist auch, dass die Greeks mit Georgios Averrof, ein Single Armored Cruiser, oder ein sehr guter Armored Cruiser, aber meistens, weil sie in den Fakt, dass sie mehr als fünf Minuten trainieren, ihre Crew.

00:09:06 und ein paar drachma auf die Systeme funktioniert. Es geht um die Ottoman fleet zu den Cleanerns zu verabschieden. Die Ironie ist, dass die Ottoman fleet, prior zu den Balkan Wars, in which Averroff features, eigentlich sehr gut mit Units, die nicht die Heviest-Asset sind. Als die olden Adage geht, ist, dass die Crew und Offizie von an Ottoman-Ship ist inversely proportional zu Its size.

00:09:33 The smaller they are, the better they usually fight. And part of the reason the Greeks buy Atheroff is down to two Ottoman-protected cruisers that, during one of the earlier Balkan Wars, have a whale of a time actually seizing and capturing Greek merchant ships. Oh, what they're called? I think it's Med... I can't pronounce the name. I'll read it out. That's the one. And her half-sister. And so, as we say, so...

00:10:02 Obviously, in this period, they're very much focused on Russia, because Russia is not subtle about its intentions. Russia wants the Straits, they want Constantinople, and in this period, the Ottomans have, I hesitate to say, relied, but have always been backed up when they're on the ropes by the British Empire. Well, there's a reason for that. This is the era of the Great Game. Yeah, because the Russians are not that, how do I put it, subtle.

00:10:30 Und die Trouble ist, dass man das, wenn man durch die Darn Null geht, wird das geöffnet werden? Nein. Nein, aber dann gibt es Gibraltar und die Strafe von Gibraltar und die Suez Canal, die sind die Kontrolle von who? Ja, das ist die Sache. Das ist... Das ist... Ich weiß nicht, was ich möchte sagen, aber es...

00:10:53 Basically, the problem for Russia is that there is always going to be another power between them and the open oceans going that way. And even if they head down to India through Afghanistan, which is the way the British Empire was always worried they were going to go, that was also going to cause trouble. So they basically set themselves up by being so obvious about their intentions, so loud about their intentions, that even France, which is often quite a traditional ally for Russia, was...

00:11:21 allying with britain and supporting the ottoman empire because they prefer to have and this sounds terrible but this was real politics this is the game this is the imperial game the great game they play at the time but it's basically it's real politic as bismarck would say yeah it was better for them to support the ottomans yeah strong enough that they could fend off the russians and have the russians get through the ottomans and then have to fight the war themselves yeah yeah

00:11:45 France and Russia are allies in a European context, but rivals in a global context. Yes. The reason that this changes fundamentally, and this actually gets into what Dr. Clark was saying, is that the reason the British backstop the Ottomans is because up until the 1880s, the eastern exit to the Mediterranean is not a direct British responsibility.

00:12:09 It is an Ottoman and Egyptian responsibility. The reason you see British calculus change and the support for the Ottomans fall away is when the British directly annex and occupy Egypt, which I don't, well, technically it's still an Ottoman suzerain, which is loyal to the Sultan, but in de jure, it's a British occupied territory. Egypt and Constantinople had an interesting relationship for about 150 years before the British...

00:12:38 Die occupation war, wir werden hier für ein paar Monate sein. Ja. Turns out wir können, und dann können wir nicht für 60 Jahre sein. Ja. Und ich meine, die andere Dinge, die man muss sich daran erinnern, ist, dass die Ottoman-Russian-Konflikt ist ein klassisch Beispiel von dem Yes, Prime Minister, wo sie sagen, wie wir alle auf jeden anderen Seite fighten, um alle anderen zu sein, um alle zu gewinnen. Denn in der 19th century...

00:13:06 Although at the time the Ottoman Empire is in decline and Russia is in the ascent relative to each other for the most part, and therefore most British interventions are in favour of the Ottomans, at the very beginning of the 19th century and a little bit towards the end there are periods where the Ottomans look like they might be getting a bit stronger than the Russians are locally in the Black Sea.

00:13:32 And suddenly you discover the British are actually against the Ottomans and in favour of the Russians, because the British policy is essentially, as long as both sides are not particularly strong and within shouting distance of each other, it means if they go to war, they'll kill each other, which is good for us, because then it means they're not strong enough to threaten us. Literally one war where it literally changed halfway through the conflict. When it started, the British were not too fussed.

00:14:01 Die Ottomans' actions during it made the public a little bit wary. And then suddenly, one siege later, another heroic Turks defending their land against the Russian invasion. Klevner, I believe, is the big battle in that war. It's why I laugh every time someone says, oh, this media manipulation, it's so new. The idea of feeding stories to the media to publish out to the public and check their opinion, it's a new thing. It's something we do now. And you go...

00:14:29 No, it's been a couple centuries.

00:14:58 Die Berlin-Baghdad-Railway ist sehr wichtig, dass wenn sie diese Railway bauen können, sie können die Truppen, die Materialien und Materialien werden. Und es wird ein Spiel-changer in den Middle-East sein, denn das ist die Zeit, wo die Öl ist mehr und mehr als eine große Natur-resource geworden.

00:15:22 Particularly as the British and the Royal Navy are looking more towards oil-powered warships. The Persian Gulf, Iraq, that whole area. It's been important in terms of fuel reserves for over a century at this point. And so the Ottomans want dreadnoughts, because the Greeks are looking at dreadnoughts. And if Greece has dreadnoughts, the Ottomans have to have dreadnoughts.

00:15:48 Es ist eigentlich schlimmer als das. Die eigentliche line aus der Autumn Ambassador zu Britann ist Chile hat Dreadnoughts und wir nicht. Ja. Das ist fair, weil die ganze South American Dreadnought arms race, unfortunately in 1908-1909, wenn man die Leute gefragt, wo Chile war, was auf der Map...

00:16:11 und dann sagen sie, dass sie eine mehr Powerful-Navy haben, als ein Empire, das hat 700 Jahre lang gedreht, wäre es eine Überraschung. Aber es wäre fair, dass es in den USA gibt, wenn man die Amerikaner von den Monroh-Doctrinen für die gesamten Amerika hat, dass die South-American-Navies wirklich stärker sind, als die Amerikaner-Navy.

Auftrag und Beschlagnahmung osmanischer Dreadnoughts durch Großbritannien

00:16:37

00:16:37 So in this build-up period you have the Ottomans order

00:17:05 Two Dreadnoughts from the UK? Yeah, so they order the first pair of Reshadiah-class battleships in 1911. They cancel the second, owing to lack of money. Then public subscription is put together to snap up the on-the-market Rio de Janeiro, which becomes Sultan Osman I. Then more money becomes available, and they decide to order a second Reshadiah.

00:17:33 ...which would have been fatigue, but she's laid down on the 11th of June 1914, and of course you can all imagine her fate was not even to be mostly constructed. She was broken up on the stocks as the Great War spiralled out of control. Exactly, and obviously on the other side of the other straits you've got the Russian Black Sea Fleet, which at this point has a fairly solid group of pre-dreadnoughts... ...that do... ...and then...

00:17:57 Also, they're also building the Black Sea version of the typical Tsarist-Russian triple-turret, four-turret dreadnoughts. So the Ottomans feel squeezed. And so, as Fleet said, like, one of these dreadnoughts, the former Rio de Janeiro, that later becomes HMS Agencourt, is paid by public subscription. So there's a lot of national pride in her purchase.

00:18:22 Was becomes HMS Erin, she's a government purchase. There's not as much faith in her, even though she carries a name of one of the more famous Seltans. But as tensions in the summer of 1914 spiral out of control, the Royal Navy, first Churchill bashing moment, decide that they need as much of a lead in dreadnoughts against the Germans as possible. So these two ships are seized.

00:18:51 compared to other dreadnoughts under construction, like the Chilean ones, which are purchased, even to the point that I believe the Ottomans had crews in Britain ready to take the ships. It's an extremely close run thing, because as you mentioned, there is actually a couple of passenger ships with the Ottoman crews.

00:19:18 Not just in Britain, but actually even in the same port, ready to take control of what will eventually become HMS Agincourt. And they're in the process of making ready to board their ship. And Churchill and the, well, to be honest, the whole British political establishment is sitting there going, well, we've got all these capital ships and also a bunch of cruisers and destroyers under construction for various powers.

00:19:47 Aber sie wissen, dass die Chileans, obwohl sie neutralisiert sind, sind sehr viel Freunde von Briten. Sie sind ziemlich sicher, dass sie die Chileans können, um sie zu kaufen. Und es gibt auch keine Chilean-Kreuz für Almirante-Latorre. Aber obwohl es eine British-Naval-Mission in der Ottoman Empire gibt, und historisch, dank der Crimean Krieg,

00:20:14 Es war gut, mit den Ottomans. Ich meine, ein guter Teil des Ottomanen Rearmamentes in der Niveau in den 19th century wurde von British Yards. Weil dieser gradualen Slide, die mehr und mehr German-aligned sind, sind sehr unsure, was der Ottoman Empire tatsächlich zu tun. Es ist nicht nur ein Fall, dass wir ein paar extra Dreadnoughts brauchen, gegen die Heise's fleet. Sie sind auch worried,

00:20:44 If the Ottomans get their hands on these dreadnoughts, what might the Germans persuade the Ottomans to do with those dreadnoughts? And Churchill essentially just hits the big red panic button and goes, right, we're taking them away more to stop you having them than because we want them. Of the two ships, letting Sultan Osman I, ex Rio de Janeiro, go would not have been so bad a thing.

00:21:11 She's not exactly what I'd call the best battleship in the world. And she was paid for by public subscription, and it would generate a lot of, well, it would not generate bad feeling between the Ottomans and the British. The one that they, I think, were absolutely right to keep was Reshadaia, because she's basically Iron Duke, but for the Ottomans, and she would have been a decent threat. Whereas...

00:21:38 Agincourt, mit der Best Will in der Welt. Sie ist ein bisschen Weakly Protected. Sie ist quick, aber sie ist ein bisschen Weakly Protected. Ja, sie hat die Massive Turret Farmer 12-Inch Guns. Aber ich fühle mich, sie könnten sie haben. Obviamente, das ist für den Sinn, also wirklich nicht, was sie würden denken über die Zeit. Aber mit dem Sinn, sie könnten und wahrscheinlich sollten sie haben.

00:22:07 Und dann, natürlich, sie haben sie absoluten Siege Rescherdai und vielleicht sagen, wir werden sie haben einen in exchange für den anderen, wenn das stimmt. Ich würde sagen, dass ein Problem ist, mit dem Klassik, die British-Issue und das ist die meisten Nationen-Issue, ist, dass sie versuchen, zu slow-walken Defense Spenden und zu slow-walken was sie eigentlich für ihre Neues. Ein guter Beispiel ist, dass wenn Drenoth ist, sie haben einen.

00:22:33 Now, if we consider the similar moment where they tried to do a Dreadnought moment having Warrior, they'd ordered two, Warrior and Black Prince. I know Black Prince doesn't get as much memory as Warrior, but there's a point of reason you were getting two. And the whole way along, the British had actually slow walked their Dreadnought procurement. Yes, they were getting more, they got more than anyone else did. Yes, they have more battleships, Dreadnought battleships at Jutland than the entire list of capital ships the high seas fleet brings to Jutland. And all those things are true.

00:23:03 But the fact is, they'd waited too long for their surge of eight R-Class and basically the six Queen Elizabeths. I'll leave mine and Drax debate over what the Queen Elizabeth Argincourt was going to be for another time. We can have that in fun some other time. But the thing is, they left that kind of late in the procurement cycle. And this is one of the reasons why they feel so weak and why you get people making these decisions.

00:23:30 By the way, Churchill was just so much part of this, but there's a whole large number of politicians who didn't want to spend any money they didn't have to. And so they walked themselves into this and now they found themselves in a war because they'd done some very bad conflict management, some very bad diplomatic signaling, managed to budget completely, and they're now panicking. And that all goes into all making decisions. So they're definitely not thinking what Fleet was just talking about, because as he says, it's hindsight, but also...

00:23:55 Weil sie literally reagierten aus dem Emotion und Angst und Panik. Oh, wir haben uns in der Krieg und wir haben nicht genug Schicks. Und der Krieg könnte mehr Schicks werden. Es gab die Idee, dass die Ottomanen Crews die Schicks und sie in Deutschland gehen und die Highseas Fleet. Und die Germanen Highseas Fleet nicht wollen sie, sie wirklich nicht.

00:24:17 They couldn't supply them, sustain them. They had enough trouble with the ships they had, which had British-built turbines in them, without having more British-built ships. They really couldn't supply these things. They didn't have logistics. It's when you realise how many German high seas fleet ships have thousands turbines in them that you realise just how badly set up both sides were for war. The British needed German detonators for their shells. The Germans needed part of British...

00:24:44 Es ist nicht ein guter Scenario. Es ist nicht. Es ist nicht. Und natürlich, es war ein paar Backroom-Negotiations zwischen den Germans und den Ottomans. Weil beide Germans und die Ottomans sind sehen Russland als ein größer Threat. Especially, given Russland ist durch eine major Rearmament Programme. Ich glaube, das Grand Programme oder so. Was die Reaktion zu dem

00:25:10 Ja, und so... Ja, und so... Ja, und so... Ja, und so...

00:25:38 and the light cruiser Breslau that are in the Mediterranean that escape a British pursuit and arrive in Constantinople, and the Germans magnanimously and very generously are, you're not in the war yet, but we understand that you have your concerns and your threats, so here, have these two ships that we can't do anything with because they're on the wrong end of Europe. Yeah, and there's a whole interesting fun story behind the...

00:26:05 die man Gerben und Breslau eigentlich get into Ottoman hands. Because, and it has all to do with the way that World War I is, the declarations of war are almost like a cascade of dominoes falling. Because everybody knows that Gerben and Breslau are not getting home if war gets declared. Whoever declares war on Germany, because they'd have to get through the Straits of Gibraltar, and even if...

00:26:33 Britain isn't at war with Germany, it's a natural choke point for, say, the French to block them. So it's a question for the Germans of where do they go? But then you get this rather odd situation where war between France and Germany is declared. So Gobern and Brussels are now trying to work out where do we go for safety? And during that time, you have British battlecruisers in between them.

00:26:59 und auch Austro-Hungarien und Ottoman ports. Aber sie sind in den anderen direkten, und sie sich in den Mediterraneen befinden. Aber weil Briten noch nicht in Deutschland war mit Deutschland, sie können sich nicht mehr engagieren. Also, du hast beide Seiten überwinden.

00:27:20 Ja. Und dann gehen sie auf ihre Merry-Way. Und dann nicht mehr als 72 Stunden später, die Battlecruisers sagen, oh ja, by the way, we're at war mit Deutschland. Und sie sagen, you could have told us that. Like, yeah. You could have had a nice battle in the Mediterranean, this could have been dealt with. But I would point out, with the Ottoman Empire, it's worthwhile realising that...

00:27:46 There hasn't been a fully joined up government of the Ottoman Empire at this point since Suleiman the Magnificent. Yeah. Which is the last time you had a leader who actually knew pretty much what was going on in all of his government and all was Suleiman. And since from that point onwards, the Ottoman court system had actually the port, as it's sometimes called P-O-R-T-E.

00:28:08 Ja, das hat tatsächlich gearbeitet, um zu preventen jemanden zu sein, als Suleyman the Magnificent zu sein, und zu wissen, dass alles was. Weil wenn man einen Leader hat, die das Powerful und das Knowledgeable hat, dann die Leute, die, sagen wir, dass sie sehr rich sind, haben die Habit der Konnexion zwischen ihrem Kopf und ihrem Körper. Es passiert.

00:28:31 Like I say, the fact that the Ottoman government was so weak was not for lack of trying. There were multiple attempts to try and reform the Ottoman army and government, but they ran into the Janissaries, the Janissaries, the Janissaries, the Janissaries, the Young Turks, the Janissaries, and just for a change, the Liberals. Yeah, and so, and as Chat points out, this is Enver Pasha and his sort of clique who are very...

00:28:58 In favor of the Germans. And the Ottoman Empire at this point, they have a British naval mission and a German army mission. Because if you want to reform your nation's militaries in 1914, those are the two defaults. A lot of countries have that set up. And similar in China, Japan, pretty much everyone in the world. Chile.

Britische Bombardierung der Dardanellen und alliierte Strategie

00:29:26

00:29:26 Und das führt uns zu, was die letzte Phase bevor active shooting beginnt. Well, die Dardanelles-Campagne, als wir jetzt sprechen, beginnt. Und das, ich denke, ist sehr wichtig zu erwähnen, weil es nicht nur die Phase für die Dardanelles-Campagne ist, aber es, ich denke, at least pretty much dooms Allied efforts in die Dardanelles bevor sie sogar starten. Und was eigentlich passiert ist,

00:29:55 Weil die Ottomans sind ein ziemlich starkes Power geworden. In der Zeit, in der Zeit, in der Zeit der Lepanto, sie waren die Power. Das ist natürlich in der Mediterranean. Und sie wurden von der Power, zu der Great Power, zu jetzt, wie sie die Sick Man der Europäer sind. Und jemand, in der Admiralty, entscheidet, dass der beste Weg ist, seine Majesty's Displeasure mit dem Fakt,

00:30:23 Ottomans have allowed Gerben and Breslau through the Dardanelles and not allowed the Royal Navy to chase after them and destroy them, is to essentially treat them like a bunch of spear-waving tribesmen and do a notional naval bombardment of the fortifications at the entrance of the Dardanelles to illustrate their displeasure, which is surprisingly hilariously successful.

00:30:47 Ja, es ist ein whole bunch of fortifications. Es machte ein tonne guns. Die Ottoman troops, die da sind da, hightail es für ihre Leben, für understandable reasons, weil es sich alles umdurchtet und splinters ist. Und, für die meisten, die entrance zu den Dardanelles ist komplett disarmen. Except, dass das alles sie da waren, was sie da zu tun. Es schießt alles ein bisschen. Ja, wir waren mit euch, und jetzt sind wir weg. In dem Moment, wenn die Dusche settles, die Ottomans sagen, was?

00:31:17 Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja.

00:31:42 I have to apologise to you, because if you go back and look through, because I've got to correct slightly. The British have been doing that for, have been doing the same stupid mistake for centuries, too many powers. They did it to Spain in Cartagena, the Indias, in the 1740s. And then in 1741, they go back and they invade and they actually, it's, and this video is coming out tomorrow where I say this, basically.

00:32:07 The absolute most slapstick example of bad amphibious warfare that even makes Gallipoli look well organized. The British have a habit of repeating sometimes these absolutely stupid comedy of errors. In Cartagena, the India's case, they turn up in 1740, do a bombardment, don't have troops, and this is the age of sail, they don't even consider landing their own sailors to do an operation. They go home. They come back the next year.

00:32:34 with the land forces, but they only bring one engineering officer with them, and he dies from disease. So then they can't set up the positions for the land artillery to bombard the defences, but they also can't get the ships close enough to bombard the defences, so they try and do an assault with ladders, but they take ladders which are too short.

00:32:54 Ja, ja. Und wenn ich Sie, dass es dann noch schlimmer ist, und sie machen immer mehr stupend decisions, und eigentlich die Ladders war quasi die hohe Punkt für die Decision-Makung, dann sehen Sie warum, wenn ich sagen, Gallipoli, während es schrecklich war, war eigentlich nicht der beste Stupend performance in der British-Military-History. Aber es ist ziemlich close für World War I naval context. Es ist wie, Sie haben uns genau wie weak die Fortifizierung sind, jetzt haben Sie Zeit, um es zu fixieren.

00:33:21 Although, actually, while we're speaking of British military blunders, it's not even the first time the Royal Navy has threw up in the Dardanelles, because the Folionic Wars, they said, hopefully, blasted their way through the Dardanelles' defences again. That time, they did actually bother to go all the way to Constantinople, or Istanbul, or whatever it's being called at the time. Rocked up and said, you know, do what we want, or we'll blow up your city. And the Ottomans went, go on then. And then they didn't.

00:33:49 Und sie sagten, dass sie nicht so gut in ihr stehen, ist es, wenn ihr nicht zu schüttet uns? So sie wieder nach Hause gegangen sind. Und schockingly, zu sehen, eine Panne zu entwickeln, die Ottomans haben die Defensive der Dardanelles gehalten. Das bedeutet, dass die Reaktion-Britisch-Fleet-Britisch-Fleet-Britisch-Fleet-Britisch-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet-Fleet

00:34:13 Es gibt einige sehr interessante, massive bombards, die die Ottomans fischten, aus der Storgen, die die Lasten waren, als sie in Konstantinopel waren, nachdem es in der Byzantien waren. Eine, weirdly enough, in Fort Nelson, in Portsmouth, weil wir die Ottomans getroffen haben, nachdem die Crimean-Krise war. So, ja, da ist ein ziemlich komisches Letter, von Sidney Smithsfleet. Da ist ein ziemlich komisches Letter, von einem der Kapteins, von einem dieser Massive...

00:34:41 bombard stones that's literally about five six foot wide comes crashing through the side of a ship the captain looks down to see what's going on and sees three or four sailors sticking their head out the hole like hello um what was that yes oh dearie me i just this see this is why people say everything's organized and there are people behind the scenes like no

00:35:04 No, the world is just massive, messy, and we have no idea what's going on. And if things happen to go the right way in military history, it's because all the stars have aligned. Yeah, and so we move forward to 1915. Everyone is now at war. The battle lines have been drawn, and Russia on the Eastern Front isn't doing too well. They're not doing too well militarily. They're also really not doing very well economically. And so Russia is pressuring Britain and France.

00:35:33 Das ist eine große Rolle. Und die große Rolle, die Churchill, die Admiralty und die Russen, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann, und dann,

00:36:01 Unter der Markt. So, sie müssen die Grain shipments in den internationalen Markt bringen. Basically, in Britain und France. Weil, wenn sie alle fighten zusammen sind, dann trade agreements sind generell nicer, fairer, weil alle zusammen sind. Und die French und die Briten können für die Russian Grain payen. Und dann geht das Geld um die Russen zu helfen.

00:36:26 Ja. Ja. Ja. Ja.

00:36:52 will knock one of the three central powers out of the war. Can anyone see the flaws in this plan? Can anyone see the flaws here? Essentially, in more modern context, you'd call this... This is essentially the idea of a thunder run. Basically, it's a naval thunder run. A bunch of capital ships running a gauntlet, shooting their way through it if necessary. But if it doesn't work, there's a problem.

00:37:20 Und ich glaube, es gibt auch eine gewisse Erfahrung, die die Royal Navy hatte in den letzten Jahrzehnten, in der sie planen, um durch und zu verabschieden, fortforschen und so weiter, das sie denken, wird einfach so einfach als das erste Mal, wie sie in 1914 hatten. Aber ähnlich wie in Sachen wie die Bombardierung von Alexandria und so weiter, ihre Idee ist, wir verabschieden die fortforschen.

00:37:48 The warships move on, but we land a combination of marines and troops behind the advancing wave of ships to basically take the forts, spike the guns, and ensure that essentially you can't get a repeat of the early 1800s. So those fortifications can't be remanned, but it's essentially just about holding the passage open. It's not about kind of, oh, now we're invading the Ottoman Empire.

00:38:17 Yes, aber in 1915 Trench warfare has kicked off. The French army is fully committed to the Western Front. The bulk of the British Expeditionary Force and its gradual expansion under Kitchener, the bulk of that is in the fields of Flanders. So, and this is where we finally get to Rex, is that there is one British division available, the 29th, which is in Egypt.

00:38:45 Und es ist die erste Major-Deployment von Australien und New Zealand-Kombat-Tropen. Weil sie sind die einzige Fortschritte noch nicht gemacht. Und sie sind all in Egypt. Hooray, Convenience. Ja, so wir... Wir haben wir uns in unsere Section von der Merri-Tale gesehen. Meine Meinung auf die gesamte Campagne ist, ich würde sagen, eher aviation-focused in generell, aber natürlich...

00:39:14 Ja, und so, als Drac gesagt, die Idee ist,

00:39:43 Run the gauntlet, land troops, keep the forts suppressed so that the fleet can then withdraw. Because, well, in theory they wouldn't have to worry about it because they would have toppled the Ottoman government and the guns wouldn't be shooting at them anyway. But this is the idea of like, we'll open the Dardanelles, the Russians can then ship out their grain and that'll keep their government stable. It'll keep them in the war. Everything's golden.

00:40:10 But based on the 1914 bombardment, and it's so effective, it's ineffective. Yeah. Because obviously, as Uwe said, the Germans who were fighting alongside the Ottomans, there is a significant German military mission in the Ottoman Empire, and they provide expert assistance in new fortification design, where to site them.

00:40:37 and basically bolster the Ottoman naval presence in the area so that when the British and the French attempt to run the guns, it goes really badly. And this photo here shows you where there's a bunch of forts and a bunch of minefields. And you can probably see there's no way around them. Nope. And it starts to get even worse because...

00:41:02 One of the key adaptations, apart from some updated guns, and let's face it, during most of the campaign as it unfolds, the Ottoman shore batteries are not spectacularly effective most of the time. They've updated a few of the guns, but honestly, that's not really the biggest problem. The biggest problem is that the forts are now very well protected against land assault, and they're actually able to remain operational.

Deutsche Bunker und alliierte Landungsfehler

00:41:31

00:41:31 Und die Reise, ich meine, für Obvious Reise, eine Forte Operational ist viel schwerer zu nehmen, aber die Reise they're able to do that ist, dass die Germans, eine der key Dinge, die sie in den Trenz-Warfare haben, ist die Idee von deep Bunkers. So, you know, in 1914, und bevor das, wenn die Forts waren unter Attacken, die Gunners hatten zu hunker, entweder hinter den Parapets oder in die Strukturen.

00:42:00 Das ist alles gut und gut, denn es ist eigentlich sehr schwierig, dass ein Forte direkt mit den Neutralen bombardieren. Aber das ist das, dass es nicht wirklich der Punkt ist. Dass es ein Forte ist, dass es nicht wirklich der Punkt ist. Dass es ein Forte ist, oder es sich nicht zu haben, ist es schön zu haben. Aber eine lange Erfahrung, durch viele Centuries, von Fortschritten in den 19th Century, mit Explosive Rounds, hat gezeigt,

00:42:27 Because, fundamentally, the gun crews of the ports are still in the open, just with a shield between them and the incoming fire, if you fling enough explosives at people, even if they miss, the shockwaves of those explosives won't necessarily kill them, maybe a few casualties from splinters, but...

00:42:50 The human body is not designed to be pummeled repeatedly by the blast wave of multiple large shells detonating constantly. It can be just physically debilitating, your body can stop working properly, and it's also incredibly mentally debilitating, to the point that you might have a bombardment that goes on for a couple of hours, perhaps maybe dismounts one gun, otherwise the fort is notionally still perfectly viable.

00:43:18 But the men who are manning that fort are in absolutely no way, shape or form to resist even the mice that are inhabiting their grain pile, let alone an actual landing. Or they might break and run if they've got a line of retreat. But if you go in a high deep underground, all you hear is thump, thump, thump, thump. And you're like, oh, that's interesting. And it stops and you pop back up again and the fort is operational.

00:43:42 Ja, und so, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um, um

00:44:11 ... ... ... ...

00:44:35 Es gibt drei Battlecruisers, und wir haben ein Bild von dieser Zeit. HMS Queen Elisabeth, der erste von den Super Duper Dreadnought ist. Das ist sie, um die Beziehung auf die Beziehung. Und so, und die Beziehung war, dass mit dieser extremem Art von Feuer, es wäre ein Cakewalk.

00:45:00 Und eigentlich, wenn man sich über die Weltwahr 1 anst mit, wir hatten so viel Feuer, wir wollten es wäre ein Cakewalk. Und zu ehrlich sagen, man hat auch eine gewisse Art von Innovation in den Landen Kraft. Weil du hast Dinge called X-Liters, die, wenn man sie sehen, sind sie sozusagen als Weltwahr 2.

00:45:28 Land in Kraft, mit ein paar Serial-Numbers. Ja, sie sind Fractionally Cruder, weil sie zwei oder drei Jahre später sind, aber sie sind eigentlich ein properly-designed Amphibious Assault-Craft. Und sie auch converten einen der Merchant-Ships, die als eine Troop-Ship ist, um... Es ist eine gute Idee, in principle. Sie umarmor die Vow, um zu beherrschten zu enemy gunfire, und sie dann...

00:45:56 die Bauer in machine gun emplacements und light artillery und so fort. Und dann die Idee ist, dass diese Bauer aufsahne, wie eine gigantische Landkraft, wo es nun also eine Instant Fortification, Pillbox, Machine Gun Nest und Motor Fire Station ist. Und dann alle die Truppen in der Bauer können sie unter der Bauer des Covering Fire kommen. Aber das Problem ist, dass sie wirklich, wirklich gut durch die Assault Parten haben.

00:46:24 But the landing part, this kind of shows the mismatch in Amphibious Thinking, in that they've got this good idea, they've got these ex-lighters and everything, but for this attack landing ship, the way of getting the troops off is just ladders and gangways coming down either side of the ship. Yeah, it's just... Not such a the world's most brilliant idea. Right, so we've put the ship ashore. Okay, brilliant. The guns are going right now. Okay.

00:46:51 Sergeant, how are we going ashore? Well, you see these two little gangways down? Yeah. Go down there, slowly. And if you've ever seen photos, and I just realised we actually don't have a photo of what the troops were presented with when they landed, because it's a beach and a cliff. Yes. Why do you need more than that? Can't you climb cliffs, Killabyn? No. Can't you climb them? No, I'm from Leicestershire. Everything's flat. Can I just...

00:47:20 Was I quiet for the last few minutes for some reason? You're fine, you're a little bit fine, but you quiet is relative. Okay, all right. So with that in mind, there's just a couple of small little things I need to add in. One of the things you have to remember in this period is everyone's obsessed with the French names you're getting for things. And Winston Churchill has just read about this thing called a coup de main, which he learned from Napoleon.

00:47:47 Oh, boy. And that's when you do everything in a single thrust. A single attack wins the war. Oh, boy. You can number the number of times it's actually worked in history on one hand. We'll leave that to one side. And so that's part of this whole thinking. The other interesting thing is that when we talk about Fisher's fleet, Baltic fleet being built, and that was going to be the basis for this force in terms of... Well, of the fleet that Fisher wanted for the Baltic, the things that get...

00:48:13 sind die Follies, a.k. Courageous, Glorious and Furious, die wir nicht in hier werden, weil wir und Drac beide beide nicht brauchen, um, es ist gut genug, mit Fleek zu sagen, dass Karno ist pretty. Wir haben eine French-Battleship-Photo.

00:48:34 We do have one included in the presentation. That's good for you, please hide it. No, seriously, I think it's one of the nicer ones. But the things that weren't built were the barges and the lighters, which were supposed to be used to get people ashore. These things were all ad hoc gathered.

00:48:52 So, calling them landing craft, we have this image from World War II and the movies we see afterwards of these huge arrays of ships and boats and craft which are all the same and are operating together. That's not how it works. That's not what we're talking about. We're talking about rowboats for many of them. Or if you were lucky, a boat towed by a steam lighter. You're very lucky if the steam lighter was working that day. Yes.

00:49:21 One of the other things that really, really messes with the landings, apart from the terrain, is also the nature of the terrain. Because it turns out, I mean, anyone who's seen pictures will realize it's very rocky, very bare of cover, but it turns out the exact kind of rock that the Dardanelles area is made up of is just soft enough that with

00:49:49 digging machinery and a large supply of labour, you can put in some pretty impressive trench works and defences and fortifications. Which is exactly what the Ottomans do. Exactly. But it's just hard enough that you can't rapidly dig trenches out there in the field. So it means that when the Anzacs go ashore, they're left with the situation of

00:50:14 The Ottomans have trenches and emplacements for all their troops and machine guns, but quite often they're being forced to attack and then when they have to drop back and reform, there is literally nowhere for them to go because a shovel can't dig through the rock, so they're just left there exposed under fire until either they can be allowed to fall further back or somebody can come up with some other tactic.

00:50:42 Whether that be naval gunfire or a flanking manoeuvre. But then how do you flank over open terrain where the Ottomans have literally sighted down every possible line of a brogue? Yeah, they're up on the hill so they can see everything. Yep, they're taking rifle fire, they're taking artillery fire, they're taking mortar fire, they're taking...

00:50:59 Machine gun fire, it's just not very nice. Wasn't also the Dardanelles rock really good at splintering when it hits? So not only is it difficult to dig into, when a shell goes off, it literally turns the rock it hits into a claymore. There's also the smell, because one of the things that's often forgotten about the Dardanelles is how the current flows through and out of the Dardanelles, and where all the sewage for Constantinople, aka Istanbul, Byzantium, depending on what period you want to call it.

00:51:28 Und so, in den heißen Tagen, die Anzacs, und die britischen Truppen mit ihnen sind alle auf den beächtigen, zwischen den Ottomanen Positionen und den Wasser. In der Prime Smell Zone. Ja. Und in der Height-O-Summer, auch. Ja. Und zu adden Insult zu Injury, die Anzacs sind auf den beächtigen Beach.

00:51:57 Yes, they end up on the wrong beach as well. Yes. Wasn't it the Anzacs who landed on the wrong beach? They landed on the wrong beach who didn't know what to do, only for us to discover after the war that there was no Ottoman troops opposing them and they could have just gone up the hill. Yep.

00:52:15 If anyone had any idea what was going on. But no one had done proper reconnaissance and no one in the British doctrine at that time, they didn't have reconnaissance units as part of the Standard Company. So you have no one who's basically job is to go, okay, I'm with my battalion, battalion recce section. I will go over that hill immediately. That's the first thing I do is go get information. You have to detail someone and no one.

00:52:42 Everyone was following their plan. They go, we're on the wrong beach. We need to sort this out. And no one thought, well, let's check out that hill. And by the time they actually thought about it, the Ottomans had managed to move some troops to that hill. Yes. And so it just kind of goes. But before we even get to the troops landing, you have the fleet trying to run the gun. So this photo is HMS Canopus of...

Fehlplanung und unzureichende Minenräumung

00:53:07

00:53:07 Battle of the Falklands fame. She was returned to service, refloated. She's one of these 28 pre-dreadnoughts that they believe can just outshoot the forts.

00:53:19 The real problem of these. No one thinks, okay, these things are things we can, to an extent, sacrifice. So we could build big bulges on them. We could fill all their forward spaces and those bulges with cork. We could then seal up those spaces, minimally crewed them, and charge them through the minefields. Because if we lose them, it isn't going to affect the balance of power. We don't want to lose the crew, so you can avoid it, but we can make it as far as possible. But no, they don't do any of that. They have monster repair. They do fudge all. Yes. Fudge all.

00:53:48 Well, for the British, that's true, but for the French pre-dreadnoughts, they are basically still, all of them, frontline assets. Yeah, and so, but the idea is, because the British know that the Ottomans and the Germans have laid mines, it's the obvious thing to do, to control a narrow strait of water. So the logic is...

00:54:08 The capital ships will suppress the Ottoman fortifications, the minesweepers will go in and clear the minefields in succession. That's all well and good. What if the Ottoman gun batteries shoot at the minesweepers? Also, here's another example of just how disjointed the planning for this was. The minesweepers they send in?

00:54:32 Sie sind meistens die Zivilisten Trawlers, mit ihren Zivilisten Crews, mit ein paar Naval Officers in command. Shockingly, ein paar untrained Zivilisten sind nicht sehr nahe zu sein, zu werden von heavy Artillerien. Und es ist auch, dass diese Trawler, ich meine, ein Trawler ist nicht ein Fast-Vessel. Diese Trawlers sind nicht der Schwester der Kinn.

00:55:00 Und die Dardanelles, die zwischen den See of Marmara in der Mitte, aber es ist zwischen den Black Sea und den Mediterranean, läuft ein bisschen current, als die Tide shifts. Und es turns out, dass wenn die Tide läuft, durch die Dardanelles, in die Mediterranean, es läuft über die gleiche speed, die die Trawlers sind, um vorhin zu gehen. Das bedeutet, dass als die Tide läuft, sie sind quasi stuck.

00:55:27 The only thing they can do is either hold position, which is very bad if you have artillery pointing at you, or retreat. And you have a bunch of crews on board who really don't want to be there anyway. And even when the tide is static or running in, well, you're still moving at barely above walking pace. And of course, if the tide's running in, you're great. You can minesweep in the direction of the Ottomans really easily. Now try coming back again.

00:55:54 Weil, of course, you have to sweep back and forth and back and forth. So, it's possibly the single worst conceived minesweeping operation of World War I, but it gets worse, because there's a squadron of destroyers, and World War I sounds pretty hefty destroyers as well, F-class and World War I tribals.

00:56:17 And among them is HMS Scorpion, commanded by one Lieutenant Commander Cunningham. I wonder if he's going to signify anything. And his squadron, his flotilla, it has minesweeping equipment on board and fitted. And they're going, why don't you send us in? We can shoot back.

00:56:44 We're faster. We can fight the current quite easily. We're completely navally crewed. We will quite happily sail in, motor along at maybe 10, 15 knots, which is about as fast as you really want to do minesweeping. We'll sweep the lanes, and then everyone can proceed. And they've got all the gear on board ready to do it, but they're never summoned. They're just left to swing at anchor slightly away from the action.

00:57:11 während diese Trawler-Kreuz gehen und werden in den Köln-Den. Ja. Und die Funktionen ist, ich kann tatsächlich sagen, dass das ein bisschen von Geschichte ist, weil ich mir ein Papier in den Churchill-Archiv geschrieben habe, von einem der Staff-Officer, der da war, mit dem Röbex und der Swing. Und er hat es, dass es im Persönlichkeit ist, dass die Destroyer versuchen, den Minesweepern zu nehmen.

00:57:39 Und das ist was das Officer wrote in his own papers. Und so, apparently, it never got through to the Admiral. I'm sorry, Royal Navy Staff Officers in this period were not universally brilliant. There are some, like Somerville round, who Somerville was one of the Staff Officers down there. If he'd heard of it, I'm fairly sure he'd been pushed on. But, yeah, there was a Staff Officer who literally thought it was the Destroyers trying to steal the glory of the Minesweepers by doing... Which weren't actually Minesweepers, they were repurposed trawlers.

00:58:07 Und die trawlers, die dort waren, waren die, die ihre Owners volunteered zu bekommen. So, sie waren die älteren, die haben Mechanical Probleme, die kleineren, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die, die die...

00:58:27 We can all imagine in our local society, which the companies, especially the big trawling companies, because, you know, the big companies approach to going, we'd like to buy part of your fleet of vehicles. You're not going to get, the company's not going to give their best units, and they really didn't. So you end up with situations like this, where the big dreadnoughts start hitting mines. Yeah. Because the Swedes can't do their job. Or have had the misfortune of dealing with these companies internationally.

00:58:55 Basically, imagine a minesweeping effort brought to you by G4S and Capita. Yeah. But very quickly, to use one of my... I'm not sure, I consider it might actually be an insult to G4S on that one. Capita, I would agree with completely, but G4S might be even slightly better than this. So very quickly, to use one of my fleetisms regarding the pre-dreadnoughts and then hitting mines, this happens on a shockingly regular basis.

00:59:19 Yes, it does. And pre-dreadnoughts are from an era where underwater attacks are not as common and they are nowhere near as well built to withstand them. No, no they are. No, they were from a period where mines and torpedoes, they were originally called, which were a variant of mines and then torpedoes, were actually still quite common in that era we're talking about, the pre-dreadnoughts, the 1890s. It's just...

00:59:45 The thing is, they were always supposed to be operating in a scenario where there'd be a circuit of ships, especially destroyers or torpedo boats, going around them, clearing those mines. Yeah. So basically, it's not that they weren't designed for it. They were designed to operate in certain concept of operations. And then for some reason, the staff and everyone in charge is completely abandoning their entire concept of operations and doctrine.

01:00:13 und versuchen, etwas Neues zu tun. In einfachen Terms, ich werde sagen die Phrase, ich werde die Rexxes und Drax face, wenn ich sage das, weil ich weiß, was ich weiß, was ich weiß, was ich weiß, was ich weiß, was ich weiß, was ich weiß. Oh, no, nicht das Phrase. The other big factor that really didn't help the Pre-Dreadnaughts survivability was a combination of two things. Firstly, being Pre-Dreadnaughts, they'd been built with Vertical Triple Expansion Engines.

Technologische und operative Mängel der Schiffe

01:00:42

01:00:42 ...which are much bigger and heavier for a given amount of horsepower generated. Which means there's less space within the hull to put things like anti-torpedo defenses or anti-mine destruction, if you wanted to do so. As compared to turbines where you free up a bit of space. But secondly, bearing in mind that most of these ships have been designed and built in the 1890s...

01:01:09 If you look at the warheads in mines and torpedoes of the 1890s, they are not only physically much smaller, they're also usually gunpowder or gun cotton. Now, to be fair, not all the Ottoman mines are particularly modern, but the vast majority of mines that they're deploying are somewhat more modern, which means that they will have larger warheads.

01:01:38 Und die meisten modernen werden auch noch mehr modernen Explosives, wie TNT und Equivalents, dauerhaft sind, die sind mehr Powerful als Gunpowder und Guncotton. So ein Pre-Dreadnought hat eine Double- oder Triple-Bottom zu lösen, mit einem 50-lb. Guncotton-Mine. Das geht nicht ganz so gut, wenn ein 300-lb. Dynamite-Mine geht. Nein, das ist was, wie ein Significant-Emotional-Event für das Pre-Dreadnought.

01:02:07 Und so, of course, you've also got the threat of, well, they didn't know it wasn't going to happen, but the threat of the Ottoman destroyers or the limited number of modern Ottoman submarines dashing out to make torpedo attacks on the fleet. Now, obviously, this never happened, but there was a risk that it could have done. So they were also sat there worrying about that as well. Yes. And as we said, small Ottoman combatants, useful and well-crewed. But this is also probably the part where...

01:02:34 And again, this is where Riks can shine, where the Allied powers are working on aviation. So you start seeing ships like this appear, which are converted passenger liners where they've attached several aircraft to. And because they can't really build runways in the area that the Anzacs and the other Allied forces control, almost all the aviation present is ship-launched. Can I just clarify something?

01:03:03 Ferries, nicht Passage Alignus. Passage Alignus gives them a status they do not deserve. Ferries. Cross Channel Ferries. That is a Cross Channel Steeler with delusions of grandeur. My main question is, because this isn't Ark Royal, this is the other one, and we were looking at its name and we're like, we don't know how to pronounce it. I want to say Bren Mai Chi.

01:03:32 I almost called it Ben Cherry. I just called it Ben McCree. I've always known it as Ben McCree. Yeah, because obviously we have an international office here and when I showed the name to some of my non-native English speakers, one of them went, oh, Ben and Jerry's. I shouldn't laugh. And now I can't get that out of my head.

01:03:57 I love it. Behold, the almighty British Seaplane Carrier, Ben & Sherry's! So these aircrafts start launching operations. They're recon and bombing, aren't they? Yeah, for the most part it's reconnaissance and artillery. Any bombing that's done is pretty much ad hoc and impromptu, usually with grenades or very small hand bombs.

01:04:25 So, most of the vessel-based aircraft operated by the British, either from early seaplane carriers. Some are also launched from the larger cruisers. Those are usually, I believe, the Stopwith tabloids. They've got some flying off platforms, haven't they? France also has one ship, I believe, in the force as well, the Foudre.

01:04:50 I believe that's how you do it. Oh, yeah, it's a seaplane carrier. Yeah, the one that was originally launched as a torpedo boat mothership thing in the 1890s. She's there with them as well. But the bulk of it is British. You've got the Ark Royal, the Benmaikri, or however it is you pronounce it, the HMS Manica, which is a kite balloon ship, which was later used as a seaplane carrier as well, Hector. And some of the cruisers used was Doris, Minerva, and a couple of others.

01:05:18 Aber in der Beginn der Kampagne, beide Seiten der Kampagne sind nicht großartig. In der Beginn der Kampagne, die Ottomans sind eine großartige Kampagne, vier, drei Albatrossen und ein Rumpler. Die British und die French combined sind 20, vielleicht 25 total, das ist ein Mix von Barmen, HF-20s und Sopwitz und ein paar Shorten.

01:05:47 Siegplanes, als auch. Ja, diese sind alle Scouts und Arme Corporation aircraft. Da sind keine Fighting Scouts, als sie dann kennenlernen, oder was wir dann kennenlernen. Correct. Later in die Campaign, du bekommst die Bristol Scouts, die sind die ersten Fighting Scouts, aber die ersten nicht mit den Dedicated Armament. Das war nach Gallipoli. So, sie kamen.

01:06:10 um but yeah all of it was just um basically reconnaissance and artillery spotting for the fleet and if there is any sort of offensive work carried out by these planes it's it's it's ad hoc and you know they're just they're just ferrying a couple of grenades into the observer's uh cabin with him and just dropping them over the side haphazardly yeah which uh which i think is amazing how far military aviation has come especially given like today it's been announced what the new us

01:06:40 6th gen fighter is. And it's like, this is how it started. A dude flying around with an engine that you'd think is not very good in a motorcycle today, chucking a couple hand grenades out the side, not because he thought it was a good idea. Yeah, it is also worth pointing out though, even at this point, the aircraft that we're seeing from both sides at Gallipoli, they are not the latest and greatest that are currently fighting over Western Europe.

01:07:09 I mean, by the time that Gallipoli is taking place in Western Europe, you've got actual dedicated fighting scouts over the fields of Flanders. You've got actual bombers carrying actual bombs. Like, this is very much the Aviation B team for both sides. Exactly. And they bring them along because they recognize the utility of the aircraft, especially for the fleet trying to spot the gun positions that the Ottomans are setting up.

01:07:36 Later on in response to ally bombardment. So that the allies never. The allies think at several occasions. They've suppressed enough forts. And then as they move up. More forts start shooting at them. And. We haven't. We weren't able to find a photo of him. But there's a claim. In Ottoman.

01:07:57 Sources of one of these shore batteries being armed with about sort of 9, 10 inch caliber weapon. And if anyone's seen the movie Battleship, when you have four guys move a 16 inch Mark 8 around and go, isn't that a bit heavy? There is, there are reasonably credible reports of an Ottoman soldier kind of half hurling, like in sort of caper tossing.

01:08:23 A shell in one of the forts, which is about 9-10 inch calibre. And so it's like... And so these are the kind of guns that are shooting back at them. So the fleet takes a battering throughout the campaign. Yeah, you've also... I mean, there's also the problem that the Germans and the Ottomans have learned the lessons of the Russo-Japanese War. You see them set up...

01:08:47 was traditionally be classed as land-based artillery, howitzers. And they start dropping rounds almost near vertically onto warships. Same way the Japanese did to the Russians in Port Arthur. And that starts causing problems. And these ships are much more vulnerable to plunging fire. Because of their era of design, it's not as a common threat vector. It's basically the guns that do a lot of the work between the 4 and 10 inch range.

01:09:16 Ich glaube, es gibt viele Schmerzen. Aber die Probleme mit denen ist, wenn sie gute Sightlines sind, müssen sie in so eine Art, dass sie A. Visible und B. Vulnerable.

01:09:37 I believe I don't think many of the batteries with them survive. They are noticed incredibly quickly and put down. Yes, because they are... While shell spotting through splashes is difficult, you can at least tell the difference between a 6-inch shell and a 12-inch shell landing near you. And so the Allied fleet notices that, yes, some of these incoming rounds are noticeably bigger, and so prioritize finding out where they are.

01:10:05 Because those are the guns that could legitimately, with one hit, take out a pre-Dreadnought. Or in the case, I believe one of the Battlecruisers actually takes a bit of a battering. It hits a mine, which doesn't help. Just for reference, for those of you who are wondering, a 9.2 to 10-inch shell, you're talking about, depending on exactly whose gun it is and whose shell it is, you're talking about a way of 150 to 200 kilos.

01:10:32 So it's just within human limits of being able to shift if you're really high on adrenaline, which to be fair, if you've got a bunch of brigad not shooting at you, you probably are. Yeah. And this is the point which has to be sometimes made throughout history. The people who are loading shells and loading things on ships or in artillery positions ashore in land artillery, they do that all day, every day. Yeah.

01:10:59 So basically, imagine a bodybuilder. That's what you end up with. Their unit is going to make sure they're well fed because their officers and their NCOs will know that if their loaders aren't well fed, they aren't going to be operating well and then they're going to be in trouble. And they basically lift heavy weights all day and are moving them all day. They are built.

01:11:21 They are the people who in boarding actions, and if you're storming a ship, you really hope you don't come across in a tight corridor, because they will push you. Oh, you have a rifle! Oh, you missed your shot! Oh, that's cute! Crack! Bang! Oh, what do you mean the rifle's wrapped around your neck now? Yes, I... So, I can fully believe that...

01:11:45 I can fully believe that, say it on Obasi, Obasi, I think I'm pronouncing it right, but I might be pronouncing it completely wrong, Chui Bro, thanks for putting the name in the chat. I can completely believe that after years of doing that, he could quite happily loft those shells. Yeah, absolutely. Because if he's been doing that for 10 years, you think of how the big...

01:12:07 Ich habe diese Bildung von der Gunn-Batterie, und er machte eine neue Officer, der einfach nur in den Weg ist, und ein Bilt-Turk läuft mit einer 10-Inch Schell.

01:12:29 Adrenalin plus patriotism plus an already strong man can do surprising feats of human endurance.

Einsatz von Torpedos und U-Booten im Dardanellenfeldzug

01:12:56

01:12:56 um i'd like to if we could discuss the torpedoes uh but basically well the usage of torpedoes that take place during the dart nails because we have two angles to this that the allies employ one is dropping them from the air or more accurately dropping them from an aircraft on the water which is not such a drop as it is a launch and the other is telling good old e11 hey you know you're a subway right yeah so you go under and go under and up the straits and then go and have some fun in the sea of amara and call us when you get back

01:13:26 She goes off and does wonderful things. Yes, and so the Brits do get a submarine through the minefields because the Ottomans lay them quite shallow because a submarine where the Ottoman Navy is is not as big a risk as there's assets that can in theory deal with it or at least have a better chance. They want to keep all the capital ships out. And if I remember correctly, doesn't I...

01:13:52 I used to have a brilliant book about a bunch of World War I naval stuff, and E-11 fired a torpedo that didn't detonate. Yes. But it floated, so someone swam to it and pulled it back. That was actually the decision made by the submarine's commander. So when E-11 undertakes her first patrol in the Sea of Mamara, she has no deck gun. So she basically decides, her captain decides, right.

01:14:21 What we're going to do is our torpedoes are going to be set to float rather than sink. So that when they have done their run, they can be refueled, refueled, the fuse reset, and then reused again. And this happens a few times. There is also the amusing incident where, despite not having a deck gun, she chases an armed tramp steamer to run aground with just rifle fire from her conning tower. E11 has a wild ride in the Sea of Marmara. She's just going around blowing up shit.

01:14:50 Ich glaube, das ist die Era der Krusel-Rules für Sub, so... Ich dachte, warum ist ein Sub-Rifles-Rifles? Aber das ist die Ere, wenn sie abonnt und checktet sich. Basically, wir haben die S.A.S. Programme über die Formation des S.A.S.S. und die Forgotten Heroes und all das andere. Ich denke, das ist das Thema S.A.S. über E11 ist, weil A. No-one würde glauben, und B.

01:15:18 The things they did absolutely defy belief in terms of the swimming out under fire to retrieve torpedoes. But it's what you have to do because you don't have an endless supply of torpedoes. You only have the torpedoes you brought with you. And so until then, available, use it. Speaking of torpedoes, there's something else that Rex can tell us about. The first torpedo bombing, if you can call it that.

01:15:45 Yes, I can happily talk about that now. Bombings, actually, plural. So the first one was a bit of an anti-climax. That was on August the 12th. That was done by Flight Commander Charles Edmonds on one of the three short 184s that were deployed to the theater. There were two that were deployed plus a spare airframe because, you know, one aircraft's a little bit flimsy still at this point.

01:16:10 So he takes off on August the 12th and he launches the torpedo at a Turkish transport ship and he hits it. Hooray. Unfortunately, at this point, the ship was already damaged and beached. So this is more of a finishing off kill rather than actually getting all the glory. But it basically proved that it could be done in warfare and not just under test conditions. But then five days later, he does it again and he actually sinks a...

01:16:38 Das ist ein komplett unharmed Turkish Transport. Und während der gleichen Mission, der andere Schott 184, um, encounters engine trouble, auf der gleichen Mission. Und es ist nach dem Wasser. Aber die Engine ist komplett dead. Es ist einfach low auf power.

01:16:56 Und der Mann fließt den Short 184. Er hat einen Tugboot gemessen. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Tugboot geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt. Er hat sich über den Short 184 geführt.

01:17:25 Wir haben ein Torpedo, ja. Und da ist ein Tugboat. Ja. Was wenn wir... Was wenn wir die Torpedo launchen? Das ist, wenn er aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus dem Tug aus

01:17:48 Is it getting bigger? Wait, what's that thing that's fallen out of the bottom a bit? Why is there a torpedo heading towards it? Why is there a white trail? Do we do something in this situation? Yeah. The people who were having the most engaging campaign were definitely the short 184 pilots and the crew of E11. The funny thing about this is the E11 basically becomes the poster child for, this is why we need a deck gun, folks.

01:18:16 Und mehr so, dass sie eine der größten Deck-Gun-Fittigen von einem R.N. Submarine während der Campaign von den E-11. Die Standard Deck-Gun bekommen ist der 6-Pounder, aber die E-11-Kreue sagt, Excuse me, are you using that 75mm Portable Mount? Oh, you're not! Excuse me! Plonk! The one problem I have with your retelling of that Storyfleet, is that you have them asking for it.

01:18:42 No, they take it and then they say, well, we've got it. So do you want it back? No. Come and get it. You have them asking for permission. They would be asking for forgiveness. Yeah. But the other thing to mention when it comes to aircraft is the Ark Royal, especially, has kind of become a mothership. Yes. Because as Rex mentioned, you've got a fair number of Allied aircraft operating far more than...

01:19:09 was Art Broil herself can carry, so there's quite a few bases ashore. Airbases in the early part of the First World War in the Northeastern Mediterranean don't really exist. It's more like, here's a flat bit of ground we have decided is an airbase. Excuse me, there's been a push!

01:19:29 Fructini has taken over for Kilobin. There's been Butch. There's been the World of Warships Butch. I am not a Kilobin. So you've got this situation where you've got these extremely austere airfields to the point that one or two pilots actually can't find their way back to them because they can't really tell where they are relative to the rest of the landscape. Yeah, they blend in.

01:19:53 Ja, aber du hast, obviously, ArcGrowell ist mit ihr siepläne operations, aber sie ist auch die einzige Installation von einem kind in den nächsten paar hunderten Miles, das hat nichts wie Aircraft Mechanics und Spare Parts. Ja. So, um, als Spare Engines, Spare Parts, Bits of Airframe und Whole-Crated Airframe show up, sie kind of all get sent to ArcGrowell, so sie ist kind of this, uh...

01:20:20 hey buddy hey buddy you want a spare engine i got a spare engine in the back of the truck but very quickly i'd like to touch upon one thing that's not very well known and some people might scoff at or not quite believe but the very last thing i want to talk about when it comes to submarine operations in the sea of marmara is

01:20:46 just how many shore bombardments the british submarines involved in that campaign actually undertake they they almost they almost take it a side gig and put on a coat of paint and say congratulations i am no longer e1 i am now m1 i am now a monitor with the capability to submerge and they start blowing up railway lines and trains and shore installations it's just the royal navy has a long-running frustration with just trying to destroy railways

01:21:13 We talked about this, you know, when we got, we went and visited the HMCS Hyder.

01:21:20 Sie war auf eine Train. Wenn wir sprechen, wir sehen uns die... Oh, was ist das? Was ist das? Was ist das? Oh, das ist das? Sackville. Sackville. Ja, wieder, wir waren über Trains. Es ist eine Ongoing-Thinge für Naval-Ships-Targeting-Railways, und Submarines lieben es. Und sie werden weitergehen. Oh, ja. Eine interessante Sache ist, dass eine der Leute involviert in den Kampf und Darnells für die Submarines gegen die Trains...

01:21:48 Es ist eine der Senior-Leute-Leute-Leute-Leute-Leute-Leute.

01:21:58 And then the other thing I was going to mention is when you've got these bombardment operations going on, for as long as Queen Elizabeth is present, you have this rather odd situation where the pre-dreadnoughts are in the Dardanelles, you know, direct firing. But because Queen Elizabeth has these big 15-inch guns, which are both longer range generally and also have better elevation than a lot of the pre-dreadnoughts,

01:22:25 Sie ist tatsächlich attacking die Ottomanen Positionen von außerhalb der Dardanelles. So, sie ist eigentlich in der Mediterraneanen, firing shells über die Lande und sie in den Ottomanen Fortifikationen, von einem völlig unexpecteden Weg. Es ist doubly effektiv in disrupting Ottomanen Morale, partly weil die 15-Inch Shell Explosion so viel größer ist, und auch weil es komplett aus der Bühne kommt.

01:22:55 Weil die Operatoren sind nachher und sie denken, dass unser Fort nicht von jemandem ist. Wir können all die Allied ships sehen. Sie sind nicht auf uns. Warum ist alles voll von Explosions? Und das ist, als die Anzac-Positions getauscht, als die Anzac-Positions getauscht sind, von shore-basierten Spotters. Aber für eine gewisse Zeit, es ist eigentlich auch bei Aerial-Recon. Das heißt, die Anzac-Positions getauscht. Ja.

01:23:24 You've also got the fact that, as Drax said, elevation really does matter, because not only do those 15 shells hit like a freight train, but they can also be directed in such a manner that the fort commander is like, oh, I'm safe from direct fire. You know, I've got my thick walls. I've got this very good Gallipoli stone and soil composition that protects me. The shell fire is going to damage my exterior, but I'll be fine. Oh!

01:23:48 Oh, dear, that's coming right down in the middle of my... Oh, oh, dear. Regarding for the naval gunnery swatting, was it via Morse code or were they dropping a note? Like left a bit, right a bit, up a bit? For the aircraft, it was a combination usually of note dropping or...

01:24:11 Und das ist ein Punkt, dass ich später zurückkehren, um, als die Kampagne kind of rolls in, after die landings und stuff, at Gallipoli, für eine Zeit, da ist ein sehr rudimentary, rudimentary in air quotes, sort of airstrip, das ist kind of put up at Helles. Und manchmal, die Planes landen da, um, zu bringen die Information, um, zu Command quicker. The only downside with that ist, um, nicht nur ist es ein sehr rough airstrip, aber es ist, um...

01:24:39 ...at lower ground compared to where the Turks are, and it is perfectly sighted in by Turkish artillery. So the planes can't stay there for particularly long, lest they become glorified target practice for the Turks. But sometimes, yeah, it was dropping messages in little tins onto the decks of the ship or landing the planes and relaying. I know some planes also tried using various hand signals and flags, but that was obviously less effective because there's only so much gesturing you can...

01:25:08 Interpret from a moving plane, from a moving ship, to get right. You said this image like you're Queen Elizabeth's gunnery officer. You are the chief gunnery officer of the most powerful warship in the world. And you're standing in your position and just waiting for a dink. You missed. Dink, you missed. Courtesy of Derek the Daredevil and his whimsical flying machine. Very occasionally, because of course we're talking about...

01:25:37 We're talking about aircraft with a top speed which might break into triple digits if you're lucky and aren't going to be particularly flooring it because they don't want their engine to break over enemy lines. So they're making a relatively pedestrian track between a spotty fall of shot and the ships in question. And so I have seen a few of these surviving notes that were dropped where

01:26:05 The Observer has tried to include a helpful sketch diagram as well. So you might also get a cartoon with your nose. But this is the beginning of this sort of intercoordination. And you see eventually these ships get fitted with a Morse code transmitter. But this is before even that. You are entirely reliant on...

01:26:30 Does the pilot and the observer know which ships are shooting to go tell which ship where to aim? Oh yeah, that causes fun because they have to start making sure they have the right flags flying on the ships so that the pilots know which ones to do. They try by first telling them what position they're going to be in. That doesn't work. So basically, being navies, they go, what do we use to tell each other what position we're in? Flags. Okay, large flags. One small trouble.

01:26:58 Okay, one small issue with flags.

01:27:02 The flags are mounted on the ships on the mast, so it's nice and visible when you're far away coming in. When you get closer and you're higher up above the ships, what do you lose track of? The flags. And they all look very similar for above, so eventually they start actually coming with all sorts of ideas, including, and this is one thing which I most find, because I found this mentioned in one source, but I haven't mentioned it in others, of them using coloured sandbag.

01:27:30 und Material, die sie verwendet haben, zu versuchen, eine Ad-Hoc-FLAX auf ihren Schiff zu displayen. Kind wie wir jetzt die British-FLAX-FLAX und andere Sachen auf unsere Turrets, um zu versuchen, Blu-on-Blue zu versuchen. Ja, bevor jemand sagt, wir noch immer noch das heute machen, und es war sehr, sehr viel in Use in Afghanistan und Irak. Wir haben nicht so viel entwickelt, in über 100 Jahre.

01:27:56 Okay. I mean, like, the concept is sound, of just paint the national flag on the part of the ship that a plane can see. But as you say, it's like, it's so ramshackle and rudimentary, and this is an era where pilots are picked more because they're like, yeah, I can fly a plane. How hard can it be? A large number of pilots had actually paid for their own instruction prior to the war. Yeah.

01:28:26 Ja. Ja, es ist ein enormes Piloten, besonders Erwärtsland. Und als ich versucht zu erklären, wenn ich über die Routes der Japanese Aviation habe, eine Sache ist, dass die Briten, die Briten, die Amerikaner, die French, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine, die Allgemeine.

01:28:54 Nights of the Air scenario, which carries on into their World War II setup, which is when they have trouble getting through enough pilots. And the only reason why this idea doesn't survive in the British and the American and French and these forces isn't because we're better or smarter. No, it's because we managed to get most of us killed early on in the war and need to replace them. World War I fighter pilot life expectancy was... Well, it depended how good the...

01:29:23 Depending on how good the Fokkers were on the other side. You're talking about a war where, at the beginning of the war, one of the best ways to join, well, at that point, the Royal Flying Corps, was not to go, hey, I'd like to fly for my country. It was to show up and go, I've got a private pilot's license and my own aircraft. Would you like me to paint a roundel on it?

01:29:49 Das sums up September 1914 very accurately, actually. In the time of Gallipoli, it's slightly beyond that, but even at the time of Gallipoli, there are a few pilots who, you know, they're some of the survivors of that pre-war, fairly landed gentry type generation, and they're either writing home going...

01:30:14 The supply situation is silly and my aircraft's been broken for a bit. Why don't you go and talk to my cousin's brother's third wife's son and get him to just send me a new engine part by private post because it'll get here quicker. And I believe one or two pilots also just turned around and went, look, I'm fed up with this. Can you send me my plane, please?

01:30:40 Und sie bringen ihre Plane in, weil sie entweder mit der Issued-One breaking, oder sie wurden aus dem Planeten. Es ist ein schönes Zeit, dass die Wurzeln von... Ich weiß nicht, was wir wirklich sagen, die Early Piloten, weil... Mad Men! Lander Gently und Mad Men einfach nicht so gut.

01:31:04 You just have to real, you have to understand the A, the sheer amount of money they're prepared to put into it themselves and B, the sheer insanity of some of the stuff they do. Well, you're talking about a bunch of people who are looking at something that is probably slightly less sturdy than the average lawn chair and is powered by something that you've probably at least partially put together yourself.

01:31:30 Manually adjusted the timing on and can probably hear warbling while it's idle and gone, yes, clearly the best thing I want to do with my day-to-day is to take this thing up to several thousand feet without a parachute. Over people who are actively trying to shoot at me. Yeah. The amount of time we have this funnel, did they really not have parachutes? Yes. Quickfire round, they didn't have parachutes.

01:31:57 Secondly, did they really not back down if they were going head-to-head? Was it really a point of honour? Sadly enough, it does seem to be true. But enough pilots survived that were hoping that some of them had a crisis of honour and decided not to do it. But some certainly did consider it was a point of honour not to turn away first when you're in a game with chicken. Exactly. It's a game of chicken where who blinks first? Well, in 1914-1915...

01:32:25 Maybe the other guys got a self-loading rifle or a bandolier of service revolvers. The first air-to-air combat was people literally firing pistols at each other. Exactly, yeah. There is one small counter to not having parachutes generally, which is that at least in the observation aircraft, which tended to be designed for...

01:32:50 slightly even slower speed and better lift, because that's good for observation, which was that if someone did shoot your engine out, your aircraft as a whole was so light, as long as the aircraft was structurally still intact, you probably weren't going to crash. It was probably going to be a very substantial amount of time as you gradually and slowly floated your way down to the surface. You might actually get bored.

01:33:16 Very quickly, I've just read something in the chat. Shubro Pro says that Majestic was bombed on the 1st of March 1915. I have been trying to see if I can find any information on that, but I can't find any information about Majestic coming under air attack. Rex, you saw anything?

01:33:39 um so what i've got on my notes is uh there was um bombing attempts on the british ships especially at the start of the campaign um in my notes majestic isn't noted but there was one early on um after the fleet had been sighted on march the 18th preparing to like move in properly

01:34:06 One of the three albatrosses that the Turks operating at the time made an attempt to drop some bombs. Three handheld bombs were dropped against one of the British ships, but all three missed. And there's actually an account in one of the books I've got by one of the crewmen of that ship saying how one of the bombs got very close, basically dropped within a foot.

01:34:33 Ich glaube, es war ein bisschen auf die Port-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-Side-

01:35:02 an aircraft pilot to be going well I dropped a bomb on something it was definitely a vaguely British looking pre-dreadnought and it just gets labelled as majestic because why not I'm just seeing it says he's saying it caused substantial damage but I'm just thinking I was going to come on to because the

01:35:28 Both sides do try bombing each other's ships. The Allied pilots bomb a few Turkish ships as well. But one of the things that's very quickly noticed is that, well, for one thing, these aircraft are not carrying particularly heavy bombs. They physically can't. And for another thing, because they're basically carrying small high explosive bombs, because no one's invented the armor-piercing bomb yet,

01:35:58 Wenn, wenn du eine Bombe, und du bist sehr nahe, oder direkt auf ein Warschiff, die Explosion sieht sehr beeindruckend aus, von einem Aerial-Warschiff. Du bekommst eine große Flashe von Feuer, eine große Flashe von Feuer, eine große Flashe von Feuer, sogar wenn es nur ein 50-lbser ist. Also, du bekommst, ja, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß, groß.

01:36:26 Es ist wie, dass es ein Splinter Damage gibt und vielleicht ein paar Hubschrauben in ein paar Hubschrauben und vielleicht jemanden der Kabin ist verloren. Aber das ist wirklich das, was ein Single-Engine-Biplane in diesem Zeitpunkt ist zu tun, um ein Warschip zu tun. Sie einfach nur nicht, wenn sie sich um Bonschrauben haben, sie sind nicht wirklich viel zu tun.

01:36:49 Ich weiß, es ist noch nicht zu tun mit heute's topic, aber No Man 69 hat sich gefragt, wie es World War II hat Royal sunk? In der nächsten Weise, ich habe in meinem Kopf, in meinem Kopf, wie viele Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs, die Jungs!

01:37:18 If I remember correctly, Rex, as we've said earlier, they start off just chucking random things they found that explode over the sides of their aircraft. Yes. By this point in the war, it's all very haphazard grenades. There are some locally made test explosives.

01:37:43 One of the big thing about the Dardanelles campaign actually in terms of aviation is it is the first time that we really see cooperation truly between army, navy and aircraft. There was a very small incidence of it happening in the 1912-1913 war between Italy and the Turks, but there was one single incident that happening. So this is the first time it's happening multiple times.

01:38:10 Und es war ein Miracle, dass es bis zu diesem Punkt gekommen ist, denn es war als eine Secondary Campaign von vielen Senior Heads-in-Command hat, es allowed mehr Aircraft zu werden, denn es war nur im Jahr 1915. Die Aircraft war sehr viel still untestet als ein Weapon of Warfare.

01:38:36 And there were a lot of people in both Army and Navy that thought that adding aircraft into their inventory, particularly on ships where, you know, you're thinking about displacement and storage and fuel and everything, it was a case of equipment bloat. And they felt that, you know, for the foreseeable future, aviation wasn't going to be useful. And it was a small cadre of enthusiastic officers, a lot of which were kind of these sort of either...

01:39:02 oder kattische Piloten, die für die benutze von diesen Angriff. Und weil sie das, ihre Influenz war mit skeptischem. Und die Fakt, dass da keine dedicateden Bombers in service, außerhalb von France, weil France hatte eine dedicateden Bomber-Units bei der Krieg der Krieg. Die Campaign war slated, insbesondere bei der Royal Naval Air Service, als die Testung-Ground zu prove, hey...

01:39:32 These actually will work in conjunction with naval assets. Maybe we should, you know, integrate this a bit more thoroughly throughout the fleets. I mean, a lot of these, like World War I, for a lot of cases, is the proof of concept war. Yeah. And also, I was just going through my own notes, and I'm surprised that I forgot about this, because Drak and Clark, this is one mainly for you two. You know how it's often claimed that victory at Trafalgar with her 68-pounder carronade...

Entwicklung von Munition und Taktiken im Ersten Weltkrieg

01:40:00

01:40:00 Ja? Ja, ich denke, das qualifies. Ich wusste nicht, dass sie eine Schotgun-Round für eine Schotgun-Round gemacht haben. Was ist die Purpose für das? Sie testet eine A-A-Round für Nelson und Rodney während der 1930s, was sozusagen eine Schotgun-Round.

01:40:27 There's a funny story. There's 15-inch shrapnel rounds, which is that they were manufactured, they were then shipped forward to Malta, and then Queen Elizabeth alternately either picked them up when she popped back to Malta, or they would then be forwarded on by a separate ship, depending on the loadout, on the particular reload schedule. But interestingly, some of them were still around.

01:40:55 In Malta, in World War II, they didn't use them up entirely at Gallipoli, which meant a few of the old ones were dug out of somebody's basement and loaded back onto Queen Elizabeth-class battleships in the Second World War to go and shoot up Italian ports in North Africa. But it turned out by that point, rather understandably, after about three decades in storage, they had a relatively high dud rate. Yes. What was the purpose?

01:41:25 Basically, so what they were doing on the Western Front was, you know, the Western Front artillery duels were actually quite mathematical, so they very often knew the time of flight of shells down to the second. So what you'll sometimes see in some footage of the First World War is you'll see airbursts.

01:41:51 Und das kann sich die impression, dass sie vielleicht hatte Proximity Fuses in World War I. Was es eigentlich war, war sie hatten Fuses. Und was sie würde sagen, okay, wir wissen, dass wenn wir die Shell von Punkt A zu Punkt B, die Zeit der Flugzeit sollte, sagen wir, 17 Sekunden. So wir werden diese Mechanical Time Fuse zu 16.5 Sekunden. Und dann halte ein Sekunden bevor es landen, das in theory bedeutet, wenn es ein paar Hundert Meter above.

01:42:19 die Trenche, es explodiert und sich viele Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schrappnöl auf die Schra

01:42:47 Das würde nicht funktionieren.

01:43:15 Die Idee ist, dass sie sehr klein sind, wenn man sie mit einem Battleship-Grade-Shell oder eine 9.2-Inch-Cruiser-Grade-Shell ist, wenn es eine Schrapnel-Shell ist, wenn es die Destroyer wird, das Schrapnel-Shell wird alle Crew auf dem Destroyer in einer Weise, dass sogar eine He-Shell.

01:43:39 Wipe out all the crew, not just on that destroyer, but on all that torpedo boat, but also on torpedo boats next to it as well at the same time. And also to be honest. Before we jump into it, one thing I want to add in with time fuses. They are really important, they're really important thing and it gets into quite a high art and it's used for AA. And the whole reason why the proximity fuse is originally called the VT fuse is because traditionally with AA you have to guess the distance and fire and hope you hit and hope the time was right.

01:44:07 The reason it covers variable time fuse or VT for a proximity fuse is because you don't have to set the time. So when it goes up there, it will go off when it's near an aircraft and go boom, which also helps you targeting because it means you track where your ammunition is going off and you focus in on that area because that's where the aircraft are. So there's all these time systems.

01:44:29 Manchmal vergessen wir wie advanced sie waren und wie viel effort wurde in die Time Systems und wie sie kamen. Die Time Shrapnel Shells waren wirklich sehr devastate, wenn man die Zeit verwendet und wenn man die Zeit verwendet hat, wenn man die Zeit verwendet hat. Und die Queen-Lizern-Class hatte die besten Fire-Control. Und das ist eine der Gründe, warum die Queen-Lizern selbst war da. Sie war da für zwei Gründe. Sie gab es den besten Fire-Control. Sie gab es den besten Fire-Control. Sie gab es den besten Fire-Control. Sie gab es dann da für Support. Das macht es einfacher.

01:44:57 But also, she of course is a modern ship which has all flagship facilities. So she's the best ship designed to support the combined operations. And finally, the British wanted to make sure that despite agreements with the French about handing over control of the Mediterranean and all these things to the French, that they would remember that that was the western Mediterranean, not the eastern Mediterranean. So if you had something like the Queen Elizabeth there, you were definitely in charge. Yeah.

01:45:23 Just to very quickly finish what I was going to say about shrapnel shells. Yes, they're going to deal with the crew, but also that amount of shrapnel flying around on a destroyer. There's a lot of gubbins that can be destroyed. Oh, there's torpedoes on open maps. 131,000 individual fragments. Yeah! If one of those finds a torpedo explosive, oh boy! I'm fairly sure that such an impact would just tear the bow off a World War I destroyer. Yeah, and the bridge is gone.

01:45:51 Ja, aber das ist eine der German Albatross B3s, wo man sieht, dass sie die Engine auf den Fusel haben. Es ist nicht wirklich in der Fuselage. Ja, genau. Wenn Sie mehr wissen, wie es diese sind, die Albatross hier ist, hat eine 100-hp. 6-cylinder engine.

Technische Aspekte und Herausforderungen der Flugzeuge im Ersten Weltkrieg

01:46:18

01:46:18 Es hat eine Leitung von 1 Tonnen, von 1 Tonnen. Und du kannst es nicht auf den Overtaking Lane von einem British Motorway nutzen, denn es kann nur auf 65 kmh gehen, an maximum speed, in perfect conditions. In perfect conditions. Was ist wichtig, dass das Aircraft ist, und Retz will mit mir hier agree, ist, dass es wie es gebaut ist, das ist ein exceptionally robust und well-built Aircraft für das Period.

01:46:46 Du hast eigentlich A-Lons, eher als Wing-Warping. Du hast proper Stressed-Fabric-Covered-Skin. Um... Decent actual Landing Gear. Das ist eigentlich ein decenter Aircraft für den Perioden, speziell für den Scout-Roll. Considering es war designed in 1913 und vor der War? Ja. Die Wheels do auch ein bisschen wie sie kommen aus einem Pram. All of them do, es ist hilarious.

01:47:14 Wir haben eine Frage in Chat. Wie viel World War I Aerotech ist Warhammer 40k Orkisch in der Natur? Wenn wir hart genug glauben, wird es funktioniert.

01:47:25 Wait until you see the colored photos of how they were actually painted in terms of their colors and then you go... Oh, I love the old color schemes in World War I. Red makes it go faster. The French and the Germans are attempting to do each other in color. Meanwhile, the British and the Russian and the Italians are sat there going. I think the Central Powers, their planes were flying colorblindness tests when they were painting them. That's the only way I could describe it. Also, bear in mind...

01:47:55 Ja, das passiert auf eine Schöpfung auf einem Schöpfung.

01:48:20 Ja, das ist mein catchphrase an diesem Punkt. Da sind zwei reasons, warum die Royal Naval Air Service, auf der Western Front, entwickelt die Armored Car Force. Eine ist, dass sie versuchen, ihre Piloten zu bekommen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen. Die andere ist, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen, wenn sie da landen.

01:48:47 The famous pilot Rutland of Jutland, while he's doing his observation missions, his engine cuts out. So he's left in a little canvas float plane in the middle of the two largest battle fleets on the planet, slugging it out while he's leading over from the cockpit with a hammer and a wrench trying to get the engine to work again.

01:49:11 Ja, sorry Dr. Clark, all I can see now is a Royal Naval Air Service armoured car screeching around the corner into a field with an imaginary siren blaring and literally a Royal Naval Air Service officer out the window saying, Oi, you got a licence for that landing field, Jerry? That was actually pretty much what was going on because, you know, that's what it is. They turn up, they screech in, their Rolls-Royce armoured cars are huge.

01:49:38 Things which were basically lorries, but we call them armored cars because they are technically claws. I do agree with the description of Bentley being the fastest moving lorry ever seen. Oh, yeah. And as you say, turn up. Is there someone here? There is. Point the machine, get at them. Hope they notice us. If they don't notice, then shout out at them. Excuse me, you're a prisoner. Yes. I was half a second away from fixing the valves.

01:50:06 Go away! You've also got to bear in mind that much like the early pilots showing up with their own aircraft, a lot of those early armoured cars are literally just some of the better off naval officers going, send me Jeeves, the driver, and my personal chauffeur and my Rolls-Royce. I've got a plan. Yes!

01:50:29 Das war alle Personal Cars. Ja, und ein paar von denen, die Gunner-Kommander der Armored-Kar war, war der Fahrer, und der Fahrer war nicht Teil des Militärs. Er war der Personal Chauffeur.

01:50:48 ... ... ... ... ... ...

01:51:16 Slap some armour plate and a dude with a Vickers gun and you're good to go. And it just kind of evolved from there. Because Rolls-Royce were already heavy enough that when he slapped on the armour plate and he slapped on the machine gun, he weren't overstressing the suspension. Yeah. Because they were already that heavy. It was only an incidental increase in weight. It wasn't that much. In some cases. In some cases.

01:51:38 Wenn sie eigentlich, und ich glaube, wir sollten schon kurz den Standort aus, ich habe gesagt das, aber in some cases, wenn sie die Bodywork und die Armpläte aufgenommen haben, dann wird der Fahrrad lighter. Ja, ich glaube, in der Fall von overheating und Fires, die Dardanelles auch schon die Royal Navy...

01:51:56 The terrible, terrible idea of, let's leave a bunch of fuel cans on the deck of a ship, because... Oh, yeah. People wonder where the paranoia of the Royal Navy comes from when it comes to aviation fuel management systems. It's Ben McCree. Literally, that fire is the entire reason why, in World War II, when the Americans get to look in a lustrous glass and look at it and go...

01:52:21 Your aviation fuel management system is a bit OCD, isn't it? It's a bit over the top. You've gone, it drains everything back into the tanks. There's no fuel left. How quickly can you refuel aircraft? Marisha going, yes, but fire, but fire. Fire bad. Americans after a couple of years of experience in the Pacific War.

01:52:43 Ja, fire bad, you were right. Can you send us your plans? We'd like to carry them to our own designs. And then they come up with an even better system based on what the British have been working on and what they themselves had ideas. And they come up with fusions and the British do a similar thing. Again, like I said. The British, as I often, I try to explain this as World War II for the Royal Navy.

01:53:06 They're excising a lot of their demons from World War I. Night fighting is a demon from World War I. You know, they have to be good at fighting at night because the Germans escape them at night. All these things. Well, aviation fuel management and the absolute destruction of important assets due to aviation fuel going burn. Yeah, that's a big one. That's one which causes the entire...

01:53:31 One of the chief reasons why Royal Navy aircraft carriers in the 1920s and 30s keep being out of service for months at a time is because they're having their aviation fuel management systems rebuilt and redesigned as they keep improving them. The British go for about five different generations of them in the 20s and 30s. And that's me broadly linking them together into five generations.

01:53:53 um if you want to get into the detail you could be going well it's but if this isn't generation three as fitted into furious then it's slightly modified as fitted in the courageous then modified as fitted into glorious then modified as fitted into eagle then by the time they got the hermes they were fitting the next generation and then they start going back again and it's it's beautiful but it's also an a maintenance and training nightmare yeah

01:54:19 Because you jump from carrier to carrier and you can have completely different methods of managing the fuel. But as this photo of her burning shows, this is the kind of terrain the Allies are dealing with. It's like, there isn't a beach here. That's just sheer cliffs. And there are Ottoman spotters and German spotters, because German troops do arrive during the campaign, both as combat troops, but also more as liaison officers, advisors.

01:54:47 The Germans don't have division spare at this point, but there are troops involved. One of the senior officers coordinating the Ottoman defense is a German general. But the Ottomans can see these ships, and so they start shelling them with the surviving fortress guns, artillery that they bring up, and Ark Royal and Bonn, literally, because they are just converted...

01:55:16 Sie haben keine Führung. Es ist nicht nur Gerrikans. Erkroll war nicht eine Führung. Erkroll war die erste Purpose-Built-Sea-Plane-Carriere. Sie ist nicht eine Führung. Sie ist nicht eine Führung. Sie ist die erste Purpose-Built-Sea-Plane.

01:55:37 und der erste purpose-built aviation warship der Welt hat. Und ich sage das, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt, weil es gibt.

01:55:58 und manchmal mit Cruisern, und es wird sehr interessant in den 1900s. Es ist eine wunderbare Zeit für Historien zu sagen, das war die erste, denn wir können alle machen das Ganze für was wir wollen, dass wir die erste wollen, aber realistisch, Ark Royal war die erste, weil sie die erste haben, ihre eigenen Engines. Was wir jetzt auch über die Plane Carriere und Terrain haben, wie Sie sehen, in dieser Fotos.

01:56:23 I came across one rather interesting account a while back when I was looking at the Dardanelles campaign for my channel, and I don't know if Rex, you might have come across it as well, which was at one point, one of the Allied Recon aircraft was spotted slowly making its way down the Dardanelles, and everyone was looking at it going, what are you doing? Elk Royal's that way, not that way.

01:56:51 Und es hat sich gesagt, dass der Pilot gesagt, um zu hoch zu machen, um ein bisschen mehr Recon zu machen. Und er hat sich, glaube ich, ein Ballet zu seinem Radiator für seine Träuble? Ja, es war ein kurzer Tabloid. Ja, und so der Engine würde es überheben, wenn er es auf den 4.0 revs würde. So er wurde, nicht ganz einfach zu halten, aber zu halten die Engine wirklich auf den 4.0 revs würde es nicht überheben und auf den 4.0 revs würde es nicht überheben und catch fire.

01:57:18 Aber das hat er nicht die Kraft zu machen, damit er nicht die Kraft zu machen. So er konnte nicht über die Hände gehen, so er wurde durch den Dardanelles geflogen, durch den Gauntlet von everybody zu kommen, um es zu kommen, um es zu gehen und dann um es zu gehen und dann um es zu gehen. Ja, ja. Und wie blimsy diese Aircraft sind, und wie under-powered sie sind.

01:57:39 Ja, ich weiß nicht, dass du mehr Details hast, Rex, weil du den Aircraft Specialist hast. Ich habe. Depending auf die books du read hast, das war ein paar Jahre alt war, die Pore-Thinge war so schnell, dass sogar die kleineren Turkish-Gunnen kamen. Oh mein Gott. Die Anti-Schippen-Gunnen, die nicht so schnell waren, weil diese Pore-Thinge war mit den höheren Batterien. Oh mein Gott.

01:58:06 Let's spend a couple of rounds that way. If we hit it, we'll be hero. That poor pilot. That poor pilot is all I can say. Just very quickly, looking at that landscape, all that comes into my head is, from the Allied perspective, they're basically looking at, hello, I am Atatürk. I'm the commander of all Imperial Ottoman troops on that hill. But someone asked, what fuel was aviation fuel in World War I?

01:58:35 I'm going to hand this over to Rex to have this one. Yeah, that's your job. Look, it really... At this point, more or less, it was pretty... Most of it, with some exceptions that were being experimented upon by various companies, even though they weren't involved for a few more years, I forget which company it was. There was one company in the United States that was quite bored thinking and started experimenting with...

01:59:03 dass es eher für die Führungskraften als Automobil ist. Aber in Britain und France, nicht zu sicher über Deutschland, weil ich meine Meinung auf die Führungskraften ist, dass es ein bisschen sketchier ist. Es war nicht viel anders. Es war zu dem Punkt, wo, wie du, als du schon erwähnt, mit dem Planen kommt in einem no-man-man-s-lander oder in der French-Countrys-Side, wenn es die Führungskraften war, wenn es aus der Führungskraften war,

01:59:32 If, for whatever reason, the place you landed near was one of the few towns that had fuel on hand, and it was gasoline, half the time it would work in the engine. It might not work effectively, but it would be enough to get you back to your home. So there wasn't really much in the way of aviation fuel being developed yet. There were experiments being done. Some of the earlier...

02:00:00 Developers of Aero Engines, the guys who made the Sunbeam, which was in the short Type 184, the engine was basically made for that plane, experimented with different fuel mixtures in that, because obviously operating at sea, prevailing winds tend to be a bit harsher, so flying into headwinds and that usually required giving it a bit more go, and they were finding that there were issues with fuel efficiency, so they started fuel experiments with that.

02:00:28 um but it didn't really go anywhere but um the the big takeaway as we can see from this photo is though um even if it is just regular fuel that fuel still burns quite uh there apparently when it catches fire and there was pretty much petrol but it's you know it it will be stored in cans not jerry cans it will be stored in literally cans of petrol which would be about this high sorry

02:00:53 Let me stand up and then I can show it even more easily on the camera. About this high usually. And they were literally large. The earliest ones were large paint cans. You literally took the lid off and would fold it, would pour it through a funnel into them and eventually they get slightly better systems. But this is what I mean about the aviation fuel management system. On these ships, that was literally which cupboard you stored the cans of fuel in. And yeah. And by the way,

02:01:21 I should point out that one of the cupboards which was on Benmo 3 was picked up was because it had a nice solid wooden door. That is exactly what you want when you're carrying volatile materials into a war zone. A good solid door. I would use to describe it as for the time they preferred fuel was for the time.

02:01:42 High-octane petrol. But high-octane petrol for 1914 is not the same stuff we talked about in 1939, let alone today. This is one of the reasons why, as it's such an interesting and varied subject, why it tends to be, unless I'm doing a specific program about it or a topic about it, I'll literally just call it aviation fuel, because...

02:02:07 Otherwise, it would be a case of, here are 10 books, and we're going to pick out the exact one you want to go into, and it's going to be fun. I was just going to say, if you do want to read a little bit about the very small developments that were done by Fuel, The Great War on the Air by John Morrow is probably going to be the only book that has reliable information on it, because it is...

02:02:31 Probably the most neglected topic in World War I aviation is the development of our fuel. Weirdly. Considering how vital it is. Especially because it's like post-war racing. It's like where all the funky fuels come from. Yeah. Yeah. And most of those are in some cases literally using World War I surplus aircraft engines because they can take the power. So this... So she's...

02:02:59 ...alongside the shore, because she can't operate her aircraft while she's moving. They have to land, kind of poodle up to her, cranes pick them up, put them on the ship. So they can go and grab the can of petrol. The can of petrol. Yes. This is the simplest... One of our watches is currently describing him having a... ...describing that she's having a can of iron brew at the moment. So a can like you get in the store.

02:03:27 Das wäre eine gute Konstruktion. Ja. Compared zu was wir sprechen, in den Cans sie haben. Ihr Standard Can of Softdrink würde absoluter High-End-Class Engineering.

02:03:43 So, she takes hits from a mixed bag... Put away the Coke Zero, please! Why would you break that? What's the point? So, she takes hits from a mixed bag of Ottoman guns, because the Ottomans are shooting at her with whatever they have available, because they recognise that she looks different and there are planes near her, she's more important. Like a regular run-of-the-mill little supply ship or lighter.

02:04:12 The Brits can build a million of them. But this thing's got planes, and planes are new, and planes are advanced, and so if we cripple their ability to operate aircraft, so she draws more fire than the ships around her. It's also a very squishy target, which is an armoured. Exactly.

02:04:36 But standard training for artillery has been for a long time that the first thing you pick up is the funny looking targets. Okay, when you're doing modern artillery for supporting ground forces, the first things you want to target are engineering vehicles, command vehicles, SAM vehicles. Anything which doesn't look normal. Anything which looks weird, you want to take out. There's going to be fewer of them, they're going to be more difficult to replace, and they're usually more important for operations.

02:05:00 So it's been standard policy for a very long time that the first thing you hit is anything which looks out of the normal. And she definitely qualifies for that. Yes. Oh yeah. She takes hits in sort of centre aft, which is where the fuel cans are stored, behind the good solid door, which doesn't do anything to a 4.7 inch shell, coming in at several hundred metres a second. That doesn't help anyone.

02:05:29 Und sie ist hit, die Schell explodiert. Some of die Kans immediately igniteln und explodieren. Others werden nur punctured und starten leaking. So all of a sudden, you've got a converted cross-channel ferry that has a lot of wood on board, suddenly down in a bunch of petrol. This went swimmingly for all involved. Yes, nothing bad happens when you coat wood in petrol and set it on fire.

02:05:53 So, she... That sounds like my average bonfire night. Yeah, exactly. It's like, if anyone here has ever been to bonfire night in the UK or has a member of the family who's particularly good with the barbecue and has like a special way of really getting it going, you could kind of imagine, scale that up. That's what happened here. Yeah.

02:06:16 I apologise to everyone from America who's watching this and from Germany and Poland, because I've seen how you handle your barbecues and your smokers. You will find this phrasing and idea absolutely abhorrent. I apologise. It is not meant as a cultural insult. It's just we deal with people who basically in the UK, you might have one bare year, you could do a decent barbecue. They don't have the same level of experience. Okay? Yeah.

02:06:43 Und so, so she goes up in a fireball and sinks. And why is it also that person who has one day a year when they have a barbecue always has a t-shirt which says Barbecue King that they wear on that day? Don't remind me. Don't remind me, please. I don't want to think about it. I have flashbacks. I just know. Fleet needs his sanity. Yeah. And so, but as Dr. Clark said earlier, it was like her loss.

02:07:11 ist ein sehr starker Indikator, weil die Royal Navy ist bewusst, um die Handlung zu tun. Sie wollen die Schäden explodieren. Sie wollen die Schäden explodieren. Aber Aviation fuel, wie Petrol, Petroleum in general, ist ein neues Konzept. Weil Bunker Oil ist eigentlich ziemlich hart zu verbinden.

02:07:33 Yes, but also if you think about the way warships have been designed for quite a long period, the fuel has either been stuff which is very difficult to ignite, either coal, etc., or if it's the very flammable stuff, has been stored in positions where if it does ignite, it's nicely surrounded by steel on the extremities of the ship, or it's below armour. So you can control and subdivide it off. The trouble with aviation fuel is it has to be stored quite high up in the ship.

02:08:01 Das bedeutet, dass es in einem Raum ist, dass es in einem Raum ist, dass es in einem Raum kann über den Schiff über den Schiff kann. Und das ist der große Problem mit dem Feuer. Es geht überall. Es geht. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem. Und das ist der große Problem.

02:08:29 I don't like to sound like a broken record, but there are two things you can do that will sink a ship. One, make a large hole that lets in water. Two, set a fire the crew can't put out in control. And this is the case of the latter. Yes. Yes. She burns and burns. And by the time she stops burning, mostly because there's nothing left to burn, because everything that could burn, burned.

02:08:52 Wie viele times haben Sie gesagt, dass die Worten burnet? Ja. Die Sache ist, Vindictive Quaker ist ganz klar, Bunkerfuel hat sich zu erheben, aber die actualen Bunkerfuel hat sich in den Bunkerfuel zu erheben. Aber die actualen Bunkerfuel hat sich in den Bunkerfuel zu erheben. Ja. Wow, das ist, das ist, das Schiff ist, dass die Feuer dämt. Das ist... Ich meine, Sie sehen, dass die Hanger Ruf ist.

02:09:18 Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja, das war's. Ja,

02:09:46 We'll end up with, uh, because Fleet here is a noted fan of French Pre-Dreadnoughts. Oh no, not the last of Bouvée! Red, cover your eyes now! Cover your eyes, you might have to look at the front. My soul has prepared lives in Bouvée. Bouvée doesn't scare me. Bouvée's a nice ward! And so, obviously, the French also have several warships present.

02:10:09 in the combined allied fleet bouvet is one of the these pre dreadnoughts and she unfortunately i believe she's torpedoed by a u-boat bouvet is one of the nicer versions of the charles martel yes because even the german navy gets involved in this battle you have to say nicer version of the charles martel class specifically

02:10:29 ...tells you that there are less nice versions of the Charles Martel class. And that A shows you the two problems going on here. A, there are differing versions within the same class. And B, that there are ones which are nicer. Yeah, French pre-dreadnoughts are an acquired taste. Very few people acquired that taste. Oh, come on, that's a dig at me, if nothing else. But joking aside.

02:10:54 Majestic ist bei U-Boat. Uwe takes a battering, having a crack at an Ottoman battery. She sustains hits, but she's battered. Some of her guns are knocked out. And they do high-speed passes. And she withdraws. And she's coming back. And then she hits a mine.

Strategische Bedeutung und Lehren aus der Dardanellen-Kampagne

02:11:18

02:11:18 Ja, so she strikes a mine, which means that even at this late, the mines are still there. They never actually get rid of the mines. Oh, poor Bouvet. This isn't Bouvet. Oh, okay. This is Majestic after being torpedoed by U-29. Yeah, U-21. Because in World War I, the Germans, A, they can either, well, they make U-boats small enough that you can put them on trains.

02:11:49 No man, 69, please. You're saying in the next war they're all making mistakes. It happens. It just does. That's just war. Everyone expects to fight the last war. Don't ask that question because we all know the answer, we just don't want to say it. Yes, yes. So I guess to round up, because we have gone a bit over time, I think we can all agree here that despite some heroics on both sides...

02:12:15 Obviously, if I don't mention him, obviously, I think the several Turks who are watching will bring it up. Yes, the first president of the Republic of Turkey makes a big part of his name and his legend fighting in this campaign at a Turk, which I believe literally means father of the Turks. Yes, father of the Turks nation, yeah. He gets that target. He serves in this arena. Future First Sea Lord Admiral Cunningham serves in this theatre.

02:12:43 The Major New Zealand Army Commander in World War II, Bernard Freiburg, serves here as well. This is the beginning of, I guess, and I hope I don't step on your toes here, Rex, that this is the beginning of the Australian and New Zealand nation building as independent. They stood up and they fought under their own flag.

02:13:08 Yes, so this is basically... It's of huge significance down here in Australia and across the pond in New Zealand because it's basically the first time that our soldiers are out in the field in a major campaign cooperating with other nations under our own flags rather than just a colony before. And it's not just the fact that...

02:13:37 There was a proportionally massive casualty toll for the Anzacs in relation to population and troops deployed, but it highlighted the need for...

02:13:55 so many things to be changed with how our forces were viewed by the Empire at home in Britain. If you speak to a lot of Aussies down here, there's a lot of Churchill bashing when it comes to how this campaign was carried on. It not only led to a building of our identity and a building of the Anzac legend, but it also led to a

02:14:24 um a growing sort of call for our voices militarily to be heard sort of never another gallipoli yeah exactly never another gallipoli so like for us you know to to have have our say it's like you know okay yeah if we if we if we're going to be doing something um we would actually like to have a say on how this thing also gets done you know and as it turns out they would they would end up fighting yeah we would their own battles against japan

02:14:52 We never want to be dragged from Egypt on to the beaches of Gallipoli again, preferably. So, yeah. So, this is like, again, in the end, as with so many ideas, it sounded great on paper. And it was a monumental cock-up. Yeah. But it taught both sides a lot about how not to do it again.

02:15:21 It was one of the heaviest in terms of capital ships, just generally throughout the entire conflict. Obviously, there weren't many dreadnoughts damaged or sunk, but in terms of pre-dreadnoughts knocked off, it was actually a fairly good tally for the Central Powers. Although the British did get revenge by clobbering one of the only, one of the three Operation Lottoman pre-dreadnoughts.

02:15:47 I would love to say that we learnt our lessons, but no.

02:15:56 The thing is, what happens is with technology, especially as it grows, is people try and repeat the same mistakes, but they can do it now because technology's improved. And they think the mistake last time was a technological failure. And as me and Drac have repeatedly tried to say and glibly, it's not a tech failure. It's a, we're going to handle this operationally and strategically stupidly failure. And to be perfectly honest.

02:16:25 Even nowadays. Try forcing the Dardanelles. See what happens. Nowadays. Please. No. Just no. Give me two American carrier battle groups and a couple of amphibious task forces. I could do it. But I couldn't do it. If the Turkish people knew I'm coming and I'm able to prepare for it, then they can prevent me. But if they don't know I'm coming and I turn up, I can blast my way through that.

02:16:53 Ja, genau. Und das ist der Punkt, dass Drak und Drak haben versucht. Wenn Sie sagen, Sie kommen und dann, oder auch nochmals, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen, Sie kommen.

02:17:19 The thing is, the Ottomans weren't prepared. Most of their force, everything was structured facing the Russians. For good reason. And the Dardanelles was pretty weakly defended. And if you had done it as... I mean, Drac have often put forward in different videos, and now he's gone. That's why I'm including him here, because he's made the same argument earlier, and I've made the same argument, so I'm doing that. If you'd done it properly at the beginning, if you'd...

02:17:42 Turned up with forces, and as we talked about, the pre-drown was properly designed. You'd use the destroyers in their mind sweeping role to push through. You'd have the troops landing quickly as you went on the correct beaches, and it planned out and staffed properly, as they could do, because there had been operations done that way previously by the British. The British could do these operations.

02:18:07 then you'd have a very different reason. But what you have is first off that bombardment which shows the weakness and then when they do turn up it's the most ill-organized, ill-conceived concept of operations you could possibly have.

02:18:23 Ja. Und du verstehst, warum Gallipoli ist, um, als ein Rallying cry in Australien und New Zealand, und warum, für den resten seiner professionell life, Churchill ist immer bashed mit es.

02:18:41 Das ist ein bisschen unfair. Er war nicht derjenige Person für ihn, sondern er war er der Originator der Idee. Aber er war der Mannschaft in der Zeit. Ja, und wie mit Lord Korken-Ori, er war der Mannschaft, er war der Mannschaft, er war der Mannschaft. Lord Korken-Ori für Norwe, er war der Mannschaft, der Mannschaft. Okay? Das ist der Trouble. So, der Bucks stopt mit Churchill, weil...

02:19:09 He's the one in charge, and he's the one who selects the people doing it. Yeah. And so, and it's always something that overshadows him, and to the point that he even resigns his post and fights in the trenches for several months. Which, he has to say, he do respect, because he goes off and does that, and he does pretty darn well, actually. He almost gets himself killed on more than a few occasions. Yeah, as he says at the time, it's no use docking.

02:19:37 The bullets have already passed you. Yes, so, but I think since we've gone over by about 20 minutes and I'm fairly sure Rex would probably like to go to sleep at the usual hours. Oh, no, no, no, I'm staying. I'm powering through now. I've had 500 mils of caffeine. I'm awake. This is the start of my work day now. We're locked in until midday. Oh, very good. It's fine. It's only 5.20 in the morning for me now. He's locked in. The man is locked in. Yes, so. Is it a Friday or a Saturday with you?

02:20:05 It is Saturday the 22nd of March. I come to you from the future. Yes, the world still exists. That's good. Do you have the lottery numbers? No, unfortunately. No, my body's ruined! So, obviously, Rex, thank you for joining us at this ungodly hour. Clark and Ocean, thank you also for joining us as usual. Obviously, Drak is off now preparing one of his various suits of armor.

02:20:31 And thank you to everyone for joining us today. I hope you all enjoyed today's Armchair Admirals. I can't remember exactly when next month is, so I will just consult my producer.

02:20:44 Es ist auf der 11. April 11. Es ist auf der 11. April 11. Es ist auf der 11. April 11. Und wir schauen uns auf die Battle of Narvik. Das ist ein schönes, liebevolles Anniversary. Das wird mich umsetzen. Ich habe ein Gefühl, dass ich auf der 11. April 11. Lass mich probieren.

02:21:13 I'll be here. I'm on the train back from Cornwall. Oh dear. So I will have no phone signal at all on the 11th April. And you're doing the Battle of Narvik. Maybe we'll reschedule. I will take revenge.

02:21:32 Oh, no, Dr. Clark, no, leave, I will. Clark, Clark, Clark, I can offer you, potentially, if I get this approved by the higher-ups, we can give you an Eskimo. With a bow included. Possibly. Will there be a large, fluffy torpedo also coming my way? That's not my department.

02:21:57 Oh, dearly meh. Also, ich habe auch nicht den Button zu machen. Ich habe ein Millionen anderen Button, aber ich habe das nicht. Pull the lever, Killer Bin! Das ist mein Button. Vielen Dank für alle, das hier war. Danke, Rex, für diese sehr interessante Zeit. Danke, Rex. Das ist toll. Das ist toll.

02:22:23 Please feel free to ask me again. Oh, absolutely. In that stupid hour, if necessary. Very dangerous words you spoke there. I will definitely fall back to this, especially later in the year, because there are some other interesting topics we will cover. And of course, in September, we have a very big anniversary upcoming as well. 80 years of end of World War II, to maybe spoil a bit.

02:22:49 So, who knows what we might have planned for everyone here. But anyways, before I start to ramble on now for everything, it's my job. Thank you for being here. Everyone, both our dear guests, dear Kilobin and all of our viewers from home, I hope you enjoyed today's stream. And in this sense, we are out. See you the next time. Bye-bye. Take care. Toodles. Bye-bye. Bye.